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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 30, 2026

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Bodily selves in relation: embodied simulation as second-person perspective on intersubjectivity.

Vittorio Gallese1

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, , 43125 Parma, Italy.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|April 30, 2014
PubMed
Summary

The lived body, particularly its motor potential, is key to understanding others. Embodied simulation (ES) theory offers an empirically grounded view of intersubjectivity as intercorporeality, challenging traditional mind-reading approaches.

Keywords:
bodily selfembodied simulationintersubjectivitymirror neuronsneural reusesecond-person perspective

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Science
  • Social Neuroscience
  • Philosophy of Mind

Background:

  • Social cognition research often overlooks the body's role.
  • The concept of self requires a more nuanced definition before exploring intersubjectivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a minimal notion of the self based on the lived body.
  • To introduce embodied simulation (ES) theory as a framework for understanding intersubjectivity.
  • To re-evaluate interpersonal understanding beyond folk psychology.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis of the self and intersubjectivity.
  • Integration of findings on mirror mechanisms for actions, emotions, and sensations.
  • Discussion of embodied simulation (ES) theory and neural reuse.

Main Results:

  • A minimal 'bodily self' defined by motor potentialities is proposed.
  • Embodied simulation (ES) theory offers an empirically based perspective on intersubjectivity.
  • Intersubjectivity is reframed as 'intercorporeality'.

Conclusions:

  • The lived body is fundamental to experiencing others.
  • Embodied simulation (ES) challenges the primacy of folk psychology in interpersonal understanding.
  • A second-person perspective on mindreading is supported by ES theory.