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Related Concept Videos

The Phosphorus Cycle01:21

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Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, such as phosphate ions (PO43-), found in soil, water, sediment and rocks. Phosphorus is often a limiting nutrient (i.e., in short supply). Consequently, phosphorus is added to most agricultural fertilizers, which can cause environmental problems related to runoff in aquatic ecosystems.
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Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
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Heterocyclic aromatic compounds are cyclic compounds that are aromatic and have one or more heteroatoms—atoms other than carbon, in the ring. Depending upon the number of atoms present in the ring, they can be either five or six-membered. Examples of five-membered heterocyclic aromatic compounds include pyrrole, furan, thiophene, and imidazole. Pyrrole consists of one nitrogen atom having one lone pair of electrons. Furan and thiophene have one oxygen and one sulfur heteroatom,...
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Heterocyclic amines, where the N atom is a part of an alicyclic system, are similar in basicity to alkylamines. Interestingly, the heterocyclic amine having a nitrogen atom as part of an aromatic ring has much less basicity than its corresponding alicyclic counterpart. For this reason, as presented in Figure 1, piperidine (pKb = 2.8) is significantly more basic than pyridine (pKb = 8.8).
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Chirality is most prevalent in carbon-based tetrahedral compounds, but this important facet of molecular symmetry extends to sp3-hybridized nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur centers, including trivalent molecules with lone pairs. Here, the lone pair behaves as a functional group in addition to the other three substituents to form an analogous tetrahedral center that can be chiral.
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Pericyclic reactions are organic reactions that occur via a concerted mechanism without generating any intermediates. The reactions proceed through the movement of electrons in a closed loop to form a cyclic transition state, where rearrangement of the σ and π bonds yields specific products.
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Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of PhosphorusI
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Phosphinate-containing heterocycles: A mini-review.

Olivier Berger1, Jean-Luc Montchamp1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Box 298860, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, USA.

Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry
|April 30, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Researchers are developing new methods to synthesize phosphinate heterocycles. These novel P-C, P-N, and P-O compounds are becoming more accessible, paving the way for future applications.

Keywords:
amino acidheterocyleorganophosphorusphosphinicphosphorus

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Heterocyclic Chemistry
  • Organophosphorus Chemistry

Background:

  • Phosphinate heterocycles are an emerging class of organophosphorus compounds.
  • Recent advancements have focused on the synthesis of these P-C, P-N, and P-O containing motifs.
  • The field is rapidly developing, with increasing availability of synthetic methodologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of recent synthetic efforts in phosphinate heterocycles.
  • To highlight the development of new P-C, P-N, and P-O heterocyclic structures.
  • To discuss the current status and future potential of this research area.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on phosphinate heterocycle synthesis.
  • Discussion of various synthetic routes and methodologies.
  • Analysis of newly developed P-C, P-N, and P-O containing heterocyclic motifs.

Main Results:

  • A variety of methods for synthesizing phosphinate heterocycles are now available.
  • New heterocyclic motifs incorporating phosphorus with carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen have been synthesized.
  • The accessibility of these compounds through diverse synthetic strategies has increased.

Conclusions:

  • The synthesis of phosphinate heterocycles is a rapidly advancing field.
  • While biological testing and applications are currently limited, they are expected to grow.
  • The increasing availability of synthetic methods will drive future research and applications.