Theranostic nanoparticles for future personalized medicine

The concept of personalized medicine has recently emerged as a promising way to address unmet medical needs. Due to the limitations of standard diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, the disease treatment is moving towards tailored treatment for individual patients, considering the inter-individual variability in therapeutic response. Theranostics, which involves the combination of therapy and diagnostic imaging into a single system, may fulfill the promise of personalized medicine. By integrating molecular imaging functionalities into therapy, theranostic approach could be advantageous in therapy selection, treatment planning, objective response monitoring and follow-up therapy planning based on the specific molecular characteristics of a disease. Although the field of therapy and imaging of its response have been independently developed thus far, developing imaging strategies can be fully exploited to revolutionize the theranostic systems in combination with the therapy modality. In this review, we describe the recent advances in molecular imaging technologies that have been specifically developed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy for theranostic purposes.