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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

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Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
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Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
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Thyroid hormone actions in cartilage and bone.

Graham R Williams1

  • 1Molecular Endocrinology Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.

European Thyroid Journal
|May 1, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid hormones are crucial for skeletal development and maintenance. This review explores their complex actions on bone and cartilage, highlighting implications for bone density and osteoarthritis.

Keywords:
BoneBone turnoverCartilageChondrocyteOssificationOsteoarthritisOsteoblastOsteoclastOsteoporosisThyroid hormone

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Skeletal Biology
  • Molecular Medicine

Background:

  • Thyroid hormones (T3) have complex actions across multiple tissues.
  • The skeleton is a key target tissue, yet T3 mechanisms in bone and cartilage are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of thyroid hormones in skeletal development, growth, and maintenance.
  • To discuss the impact of T3 receptor mutations on skeletal health.
  • To explore T3's role in bone turnover and osteoarthritis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on thyroid hormone action in the skeleton.
  • Analysis of data from human patients with thyroid hormone receptor mutations.
  • Examination of findings from genetically modified mouse models.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid hormones are vital for skeletal development and postnatal linear growth.
  • Mutations in thyroid hormone receptors (TRα1, TRβ) lead to skeletal abnormalities.
  • Thyroid hormone metabolism may influence articular cartilage and osteoarthritis.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid hormones play a critical role in bone and cartilage physiology.
  • Understanding T3 action is crucial for bone health and treating related disorders.
  • Emerging research highlights thyroid hormone metabolism's importance in osteoarthritis.