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Scanning Electron Microscopy

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Demonstration of Equal-Intensity Beam Generation by Dielectric Metasurfaces

Demonstration of Equal-Intensity Beam Generation by Dielectric Metasurfaces

Published on: June 7, 2019

Optical metasurfaces for beam scanning in space.

Jierong Cheng, Hossein Mosallaei

|May 3, 2014

Summary

This study introduces a layered metasurface using loop nanoantennas for precise beam scanning in three-dimensional space. The novel design offers full control over beam phase and amplitude, enabling advanced optical applications.

Area of Science:

Optics and Photonics
Metamaterials Science

Background:

Metasurfaces offer tunable electromagnetic responses.
Controlling beam phase and amplitude is crucial for advanced optical systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore a layered metasurface design for beam scanning in 3D space.
To demonstrate full control over beam phase and amplitude using loop nanoantennas.

Main Methods:

Utilizing single and concentric loop nanoantennas made of silver.
Modeling the metasurface with a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method.
Accounting for element interactions within the metasurface structure.

Main Results:

Silver loop nanoantennas provide tunable capacitive and inductive impedances.

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The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry

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Last Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Demonstration of Equal-Intensity Beam Generation by Dielectric Metasurfaces

Demonstration of Equal-Intensity Beam Generation by Dielectric Metasurfaces

Published on: June 7, 2019

Demonstration of Spin-Multiplexed and Direction-Multiplexed All-Dielectric Visible Metaholograms

Demonstration of Spin-Multiplexed and Direction-Multiplexed All-Dielectric Visible Metaholograms

Published on: September 25, 2020

The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry

The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry

Published on: August 12, 2013

Negligible loss at 1.5 μm wavelength achieved.

Demonstrated full control over beam phase and amplitude for scanning.

Conclusions:

Layered metasurfaces with loop nanoantennas are effective for 3D beam scanning.
The proposed design offers precise control over optical beams.
This approach advances metasurface applications in telecommunications.