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Related Concept Videos

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

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When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
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There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
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Accurate calibration of glassware, such as volumetric flasks, pipettes, and burettes, is essential to ensure accurate measurements in the analytical laboratory. Calibration helps maintain consistency across measurements and prevents errors arising from inaccurate volumes.
Volumetric flasks: Volumetric flasks are designed to prepare aqueous solutions of precise volumes accurately with a calibration line on the neck. To calibrate a volumetric flask, it is important to fill it with distilled...
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Constant Volume Calorimetry02:41

Constant Volume Calorimetry

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Calorimeters are useful to determine the heat released or absorbed by a chemical reaction. Coffee cup calorimeters are designed to operate at constant (atmospheric) pressure and are convenient to measure heat flow (or enthalpy change) accompanying processes that occur in solution at constant pressure. A different type of calorimeter that operates at constant volume, colloquially known as a bomb calorimeter, is used to measure the energy produced by reactions that yield large amounts of heat and...
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Calorimetry01:19

Calorimetry

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When objects at different temperatures are placed in contact with each other but isolated from everything else, they attain thermal equilibrium. A container that prevents heat transfer in or out is called a calorimeter, and the use of a calorimeter to make measurements is called calorimetry. Generally, these measurements involve heat or specific heat capacity. The term "calorimetry problem" is used for any problem where the specified objects are thermally isolated from their...
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Calorimetry is a technique used to measure the amount of heat involved in a chemical or physical process or to measure the heat transferred to or from a substance. The heat is exchanged with a calibrated and insulated device called the calorimeter. Calorimetry experiments are based on the assumption that there is no heat exchange between the insulated calorimeter and the external environment. The well-insulated calorimeters prevent the transfer of heat between the calorimeter and its external...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 30, 2026

A Simple Dewar/Cryostat for Thermally Equilibrating Samples at Known Temperatures for Accurate Cryogenic Luminescence Measurements
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A Simple Dewar/Cryostat for Thermally Equilibrating Samples at Known Temperatures for Accurate Cryogenic Luminescence Measurements

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A cryogenic infrared calibration target.

E J Wollack1, R E Kinzer1, S A Rinehart1

  • 1NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|May 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary

A new compact cryogenic calibration target offers extremely low diffuse reflectance (R ≤ 0.003) across a broad spectral range. This lightweight, durable target is ideal for precise scientific measurements in cryogenic environments.

Area of Science:

  • Optical Engineering
  • Cryogenics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Accurate calibration targets are crucial for scientific instrumentation.
  • Existing cryogenic targets may have limitations in spectral range or reflectance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and characterize a compact cryogenic calibration target with superior optical properties.
  • To provide design principles and material data for similar targets.

Main Methods:

  • Texturing a high-thermal-conductivity metallic substrate with pyramidal tiling.
  • Coating the substrate with a lossy dielectric material.
  • Characterizing diffuse reflectance and thermal uniformity.
  • Testing thermal cycling durability from room temperature to ~4 K.

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Main Results:

  • Achieved peak diffuse reflectance R ≤ 0.003 from 800 to 4800 cm⁻¹ (12–2 μm).
  • Performance degraded gracefully to R ≤ 0.02 at spectral band edges (400–10,000 cm⁻¹).
  • Target demonstrated lightweight design, low geometric profile, and survival of thermal cycling.

Conclusions:

  • The developed cryogenic calibration target meets stringent low-reflectance requirements.
  • The design facilitates high absorption and thermal uniformity.
  • The presented data supports the realization of similar high-performance cryogenic optical components.