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Related Concept Videos

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability01:31

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

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In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...
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Torque On A Current Loop In A Magnetic Field01:13

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The most common application of magnetic force on current-carrying wires is in electric motors. These consist of loops of wire, which are placed between the magnets with a magnetic field. When current flows through the loops, the magnetic field applies torque, which causes the shaft to rotate, thus converting electrical energy to mechanical energy.
Consider a rectangular current-carrying loop containing N turns of wire, placed in a uniform magnetic field. The net force on a current-carrying loop...
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Magnetic Fields01:27

Magnetic Fields

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A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
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Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

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Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
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Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
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Magnetic Force On Current-Carrying Wires: Example01:22

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In a magnetic field, moving charges encounter a force. If a wire contains these moving charges, i.e., if the wire is carrying a current, then a force acts on the wire as well. Consider a pair of flexible leads holding a wire that is 40 cm long and 10 g in weight in a horizontal position. The wire is placed in a constant magnetic field of 0.40 T, as shown in Figure 1(a). Determine the magnitude and direction of the current flowing in the wire needed to remove the tension in the supporting leads.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Magnetic Tweezers for the Measurement of Twist and Torque
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Note: nonlinear susceptibility from high DC field torque magnetometry.

B S Shivaram1

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|May 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Torque magnetometry now measures nonlinear magnetic properties, not just linear ones. This advancement provides deeper insights into anisotropic materials like heavy fermion compounds.

Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Torque magnetometry is a standard technique for measuring magnetic properties of anisotropic materials.
  • Modern micromachining has enhanced the precision and reliability of torque magnetometers, enabling measurements under extreme conditions (high magnetic fields, low temperatures).
  • Current applications primarily utilize torque signals to determine linear magnetic susceptibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To extend the application of torque magnetometry beyond linear susceptibility measurements.
  • To develop and demonstrate methods for measuring nonlinear magnetic susceptibilities using torque magnetometry.
  • To showcase the utility of the extended technique with experimental data.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing advanced torque magnetometry techniques.

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Last Updated: Apr 30, 2026

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  • Adapting existing protocols to capture nonlinear responses.
  • Applying the method to study the heavy fermion compound UPt3.

    • Main Results:

    • Successfully extended torque magnetometry to measure nonlinear magnetic susceptibilities.
    • Demonstrated the method's effectiveness using UPt3, a known heavy fermion material.
    • Provided representative data illustrating the measurement of nonlinear effects.

    Conclusions:

    • Torque magnetometry can be effectively used to probe nonlinear magnetic properties.
    • This extended technique offers new avenues for characterizing complex magnetic materials.
    • The findings open up possibilities for more comprehensive magnetic property analysis.