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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

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A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Entropy Changes Accompanying Specific Processes01:21

Entropy Changes Accompanying Specific Processes

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Entropy, a measure of disorder in a system, changes during phase transitions like freezing or boiling. At the transition temperature Ttrs, where two phases are in equilibrium, the phase transition is a reversible process. The entropy change can be calculated from a substance's enthalpy of transition using the equation ΔStrs = ΔtrsH /Ttrs.When a perfect gas expands isothermally from one volume to another, entropy increases logarithmically with volume. Conversely, isothermal compression...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Combining Microfluidics and Microrheology to Determine Rheological Properties of Soft Matter during Repeated Phase Transitions
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Microtransition cascades to percolation.

Wei Chen1, Malte Schröder2, Raissa M D'Souza3

  • 1Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 6 Kexueyuan South Road, Haidian, Beijing 100190, China.

Physical Review Letters
|May 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Researchers discovered microtransitions in percolation models, enabling precise prediction of global connectivity transitions. This finding offers warning signals for phase transitions in complex, stochastic systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Complex Systems Science
  • Statistical Physics
  • Network Theory

Background:

  • Percolation theory models the formation of connected clusters in random networks.
  • Understanding phase transitions is crucial for predicting system-wide behavior.
  • Identifying precursors to transitions aids in system stability and control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the discovery of a discrete hierarchy of microtransitions in percolation models.
  • To demonstrate the ability to deterministically target transition points using these microtransitions.
  • To extend the concept of warning signals for phase transitions to stochastic processes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of continuous and discontinuous percolation models.
  • Identification and characterization of microtransition phenomena.
  • Development of methods to leverage microtransitions for predicting global connectivity.

Main Results:

  • A discrete hierarchy of microtransitions was identified in percolation models.
  • These microtransitions allow for near-deterministic targeting of the global connectivity transition point.
  • The findings demonstrate the applicability of warning signals to intrinsically stochastic processes.

Conclusions:

  • Microtransitions serve as reliable precursors to phase transitions in percolation systems.
  • This research provides a novel method for anticipating critical transitions in complex systems.
  • The discovered principles are applicable to a broader range of stochastic processes beyond percolation.