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Multitasking and aging: do older adults benefit from performing a highly practiced task?

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Training improved dual-task performance for older adults, but did not eliminate age-related differences. Even with peak performance on one task, significant dual-task costs persisted.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive psychology
  • Human factors
  • Aging research

Background:

  • Investigated training effects on age differences in dual-task performance.
  • Focused on highly practiced tasks, unlike previous training studies.
  • Examined if dual-task integration improves with near-asymptotic single-task performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess if training reduces age-related dual-task costs.
  • To determine if practice leads to asymptotic performance and reduced dual-task costs.
  • To investigate age-specific response biases in a dual-task scenario.

Main Methods:

  • Used the psychological refractory period (PRP) paradigm with two distinct tasks (visual signal discrimination and auditory tone discrimination).
  • Varied stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between tasks.
  • Conducted an 8-week training protocol with pre- and post-dual-task assessments and intermediate single-task practice.

Main Results:

  • Older adults exhibited greater dual-task costs but improved with practice, similar to younger adults.
  • Training to asymptotic performance on Task 1 did not significantly reduce dual-task costs.
  • Older adults showed a 'green/go' response bias, confirmed by diffusion modeling, which was not observed in younger adults.

Conclusions:

  • Practice can mitigate dual-task costs in older adults, but does not eliminate age differences.
  • Near-perfect single-task performance does not guarantee reduced dual-task interference.
  • An age-related 'green/go' bias may pose safety risks in real-world scenarios like crosswalks.