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Related Concept Videos

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

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Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins...
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Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

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Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component...
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Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction01:28

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DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...
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Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

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A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
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Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

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Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this...
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Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction01:26

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A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...
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Related Experiment Video

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Pre-Chiasmatic, Single Injection of Autologous Blood to Induce Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model
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Intracranial hypotension after trauma.

Asita S Sarrafzadeh1, Stephanie A Hopf1, Oliver P Gautschi1

  • 1Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland.

Springerplus
|May 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Trauma-related intracranial hypotension (IH) is rare but life-threatening. Prompt diagnosis and the Trendelenburg position can be life-saving interventions for patients with post-traumatic IH.

Keywords:
Chronic subdural hematomaIntracranial hypotensionTBI

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Trauma Medicine

Background:

  • Intracranial hypotension (IH) is a serious condition with diverse symptoms, from headaches to coma.
  • Classical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings are associated with IH.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report two cases of trauma-related intracranial hypotension.
  • To review the literature on post-traumatic IH.
  • To highlight diagnostic and management challenges.

Main Methods:

  • Case report of two patients with trauma-induced IH.
  • Literature review on post-traumatic IH.
  • Description of clinical presentation and intervention.

Main Results:

  • One patient with cerebral trauma experienced unilateral mydriasis and coma, resolved by the Trendelenburg position.
  • The second patient developed IH secondary to a brachial plexus injury after a motor vehicle accident.

Conclusions:

  • Prolonged postural headache after mild/moderate trauma may suggest IH.
  • Post-traumatic IH is rare, difficult to diagnose, and potentially fatal if misdiagnosed.
  • The Trendelenburg position can be a critical, life-saving maneuver.