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Related Concept Videos

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
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Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
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Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

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Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
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Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Goiter01:27

Goiter

32
Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
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A Chronic Autoimmune Dry Eye Rat Model with Increase in Effector Memory T Cells in Eyeball Tissue
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Selenium supplementation in thyroid associated ophthalmopathy: an update.

Aruna Dharmasena1

  • 1Department of Oculoplastics, Lacrimal and Orbital Surgery, Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WH, UK.

International Journal of Ophthalmology
|May 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Selenium (Se) benefits thyroid disease and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). Optimal dosage and safety require further clinical consensus, but Se supplementation aids euthyroidism and reduces inflammation in TAO patients.

Keywords:
Graves' orbitopathyseleniumselenoproteinsthyroid associated ophthalmopathy

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Selenium (Se) is crucial for thyroid hormone metabolism.
  • Its therapeutic role in thyroid disease and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is established but debated regarding optimal use.
  • Oxidative stress is implicated in thyroid disease pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the scientific literature on selenium's efficacy and safety in thyroid disease and TAO.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which selenium impacts thyroid disease and TAO.
  • To provide recommendations for selenium supplementation in TAO management.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of 135 English-language articles from 1973-2013.
  • Analysis of proposed biochemical and immunological mechanisms of selenium action.
  • Evaluation of clinical outcomes related to selenium supplementation in thyroid disease.

Main Results:

  • Selenium influences thyroid hormone regulation and reduces oxidative stress.
  • Mechanisms include reduced HLA-DR expression, lower TSH receptor and TPO antibodies, and modulated immune cell activity.
  • Selenium supplementation accelerates euthyroidism in Graves' disease and autoimmune thyroiditis when combined with anti-thyroid drugs.
  • Benefits are most pronounced in hyperthyroid patients and depend on baseline selenium levels.

Conclusions:

  • Selenium demonstrates significant therapeutic potential in thyroid disease and TAO through multiple biological pathways.
  • Careful monitoring of serum selenium levels is recommended to prevent overdose.
  • Further research is needed to establish optimal selenium dosage and duration for TAO treatment.