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Updated: Feb 23, 2026
Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Published on: September 9, 2022
Autoimmune encephalitis as differential diagnosis of infectious encephalitis
Thaís Armangue1, Frank Leypoldt, Josep Dalmau
1aAugust Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona bCatalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain cDepartment of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
Purpose Of Review:
This review describes the main types of autoimmune encephalitis with special emphasis on those associated with antibodies against neuronal cell surface or synaptic proteins, and the differential diagnosis with infectious encephalitis.
Recent Findings:
There is a continuous expansion of the number of cell surface or synaptic proteins that are targets of autoimmunity. The most recently identified include the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5), dipeptidyl-peptidase-like protein-6 (DPPX), and γ-aminobutyric acid-A receptor (GABAAR). In these and previously known types of autoimmune encephalitis [N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR), γ-aminobutyric acid-B receptor (GABABR), leucine-rich glioma inactivated protein 1 (LGI1), contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2)], the prodromal symptoms or types of presentations often suggest a viral encephalitis. We review here clues that help in the differential diagnosis with infectious encephalitis. Moreover, recent investigations indicate that viral encephalitis (e.g., herpes simplex) can trigger synaptic autoimmunity. In all these disorders, immunotherapy is usually effective.
Summary:
Autoimmune encephalitis comprises an expanding group of potentially treatable disorders that should be included in the differential diagnosis of any type of encephalitis.
Video Abstract:
http://links.lww.com/CONR/A25,
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