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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

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While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
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Mania and Antimanic Drugs: Overview01:24

Mania and Antimanic Drugs: Overview

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Mania, a psychological condition characterized by elevated mood, increased energy, and reduced sleep need, is part of the bipolar disorder cycle. The exact cause of mania isn't entirely known, but it is thought to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Bipolar disorder involves alternating manic and depressive episodes. Mood stabilizers like lithium, antipsychotics, and anticonvulsants help manage these episodes. Lithium carbonate is particularly effective as...
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Endoscopic Procedures IV: Sigmoidoscopy and Laproscopy01:26

Endoscopic Procedures IV: Sigmoidoscopy and Laproscopy

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Sigmoidoscopy and laparoscopy are distinct medical procedures that enable physicians to internally inspect different parts of the GI tract. Although they serve different purposes, each is essential for diagnosing and, in some cases, treating various medical conditions.
Sigmoidoscopy
Sigmoidoscopy is a diagnostic procedure that uses a flexible sigmoidoscope equipped with a light source and camera to examine the rectum and sigmoid colon. The procedure involves inserting the tube through the anus...
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Long-term Depression01:03

Long-term Depression

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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over...
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Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Electroconvulsive Therapy01:30

Electroconvulsive Therapy

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Failure Analysis of Batteries Using Synchrotron-based Hard X-ray Microtomography
08:11

Failure Analysis of Batteries Using Synchrotron-based Hard X-ray Microtomography

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Postoperative adverse effects after recent or remote lithium therapy.

Samuel A Irefin1, Abraham Sonny1, Lisa Harinstein2

  • 1Department of General Anesthesiology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave./E31, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.

Journal of Clinical Anesthesia
|May 6, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Lithium therapy for bipolar disorder poses unique perioperative challenges. Critically ill patients may experience severe lithium-induced adverse reactions due to its narrow therapeutic index.

Keywords:
Bipolar disorderDrug reactionsHypernatremiaHypovolemiaLithiumNephrogenic diabetes insipidus

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In Situ Lithiated Reference Electrode: Four Electrode Design for In-operando Impedance Spectroscopy
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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Pharmacology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Lithium is a common treatment for bipolar disorder.
  • Its narrow therapeutic index requires careful management, especially in vulnerable patient populations.

Observation:

  • Two critically ill patients on preoperative lithium therapy developed adverse reactions.
  • These reactions occurred during the perioperative period, a critical phase for managing lithium levels.

Findings:

  • The cases highlight the risk of lithium toxicity in critically ill patients.
  • Perioperative physiological changes can exacerbate lithium's narrow therapeutic index, leading to adverse events.

Implications:

  • Anesthesiologists and critical care physicians must be vigilant for lithium toxicity in patients undergoing surgery.
  • Close monitoring and proactive management are crucial to prevent severe adverse reactions in this patient group.