Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

14.2K
In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps...
14.2K
pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

49.0K
In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl...
49.0K
RACE - Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends02:35

RACE - Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends

5.9K
Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends, or RACE, is one of the most effective methods to obtain a full-length cDNA from an mRNA sequence between a known internal region to the unknown sequence at the 5’ or 3’ end. The unknown region is cloned in the cDNA by a gene-specific primer that binds the known end, and a hybrid primer that attaches a predefined anchor sequence to the unknown end of the cDNA. The sequence in between is amplified by PCR with an anchor primer and a gene-specific...
5.9K
Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

9.4K
The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
9.4K
Protein Folding Quality Check in the RER01:29

Protein Folding Quality Check in the RER

4.4K
ER is the primary site for the maturation and folding of soluble and transmembrane secretory proteins. The calnexin cycle is a specific chaperone system that folds and assesses the confirmation of N-glycosylated proteins before they can exit the ER lumen. The primary players of this quality check pipeline are the lectins, ER-resident chaperones, and a glucosyl transferase enzyme. In case the calnexin system in the lumen fails to salvage a misfolded protein, it is transported to the cytoplasm...
4.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

SHPRH together with the Ube2D family of enzymes directly ubiquitinates PCNA at Lys164 in vitro.

PloS one·2026
Same author

NAD<sup>+</sup> hydrolysis catalyzed by SelO is required for mitochondrial homeostasis.

Cell·2026
Same author

Schisandrin B alleviates liver allograft rejection by stabilizing ACOD1 in Kupffer cells to potentiate itaconate-NRF2-mediated suppression of CD8+ T cell chemotaxis.

Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology·2026
Same author

Structural insights into the Bre1-Lge1 and RNF20/RNF40-WAC interactions critical for H2B ubiquitination.

Nucleic acids research·2026
Same author

Recombinant Chitinase 3-like 1 Alleviates Liver Transplantation-induced Cold Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Promoting M2 Polarization of Kupffer Cells.

Transplantation·2025
Same author

MAFF alleviates hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury by regulating the CLCF1/STAT3 signaling pathway.

Cellular & molecular biology letters·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Improving Small RNA-seq: Less Bias and Better Detection of 2'-O-Methyl RNAs
08:49

Improving Small RNA-seq: Less Bias and Better Detection of 2'-O-Methyl RNAs

Published on: September 16, 2019

7.3K

mRNA quality control at the 5' end.

Li-ting Zhai1, Song Xiang

  • 1Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.

Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B
|May 6, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Newly discovered enzymes reveal that mRNA capping isn't always complete. These enzymes act as a quality control mechanism, degrading improperly capped messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in eukaryotes.

Keywords:
DXODxo1Quality controlRai1mRNA capping

More Related Videos

mRNA Interactome Capture from Plant Protoplasts
12:29

mRNA Interactome Capture from Plant Protoplasts

Published on: July 28, 2017

9.0K
Methylated RNA Immunoprecipitation Assay to Study m5C Modification in Arabidopsis
08:50

Methylated RNA Immunoprecipitation Assay to Study m5C Modification in Arabidopsis

Published on: May 14, 2020

6.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Improving Small RNA-seq: Less Bias and Better Detection of 2'-O-Methyl RNAs
08:49

Improving Small RNA-seq: Less Bias and Better Detection of 2'-O-Methyl RNAs

Published on: September 16, 2019

7.3K
mRNA Interactome Capture from Plant Protoplasts
12:29

mRNA Interactome Capture from Plant Protoplasts

Published on: July 28, 2017

9.0K
Methylated RNA Immunoprecipitation Assay to Study m5C Modification in Arabidopsis
08:50

Methylated RNA Immunoprecipitation Assay to Study m5C Modification in Arabidopsis

Published on: May 14, 2020

6.8K

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • RNA Biology
  • Eukaryotic Gene Expression

Background:

  • Eukaryotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs) undergo a 5' capping process during transcription.
  • Previously, it was assumed that mRNA capping always completed successfully due to the stability of intermediates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding mRNA capping quality control.
  • To introduce novel enzymes involved in processing improperly capped mRNAs.

Main Methods:

  • Identification and characterization of a novel enzyme family (Rai1, Dxo1/Ydr370C, DXO/Dom3Z).
  • Analysis of enzyme activity on uncapped and improperly capped RNA intermediates.
  • Investigation of 5'-3' exoribonuclease functions of these enzymes.

Main Results:

  • A novel family of enzymes (Rai1, Dxo1/Ydr370C, DXO/Dom3Z) can convert improperly capped mRNAs to 5' mono-phosphate RNA.
  • These enzymes facilitate the degradation of faulty mRNAs by 5'-3' exoribonucleases.
  • Some identified enzymes possess intrinsic 5'-3' exoribonuclease activity, directly degrading aberrant mRNAs.

Conclusions:

  • mRNA capping is not a flawless process and requires a quality control mechanism.
  • The newly identified enzymes play a crucial role in eukaryotic mRNA capping quality control.
  • This discovery challenges the long-held assumption of complete mRNA capping efficiency.