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Principles of Disease Surveillance01:26

Principles of Disease Surveillance

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Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Rotaviruses: is their surveillance needed?

Swapnil Jain1, Jitendraa Vashistt1, Harish Changotra1

  • 1Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan 1732 34, Himachal Pradesh, India.

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Rotaviruses cause severe diarrhea globally. While vaccines reduce deaths, unusual strains emerge, potentially impacting vaccine effectiveness and necessitating ongoing surveillance for better control.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Rotaviruses are a leading cause of childhood gastroenteritis and mortality worldwide.
  • Their segmented genome allows for genetic diversity and frequent evolution of genotypes.
  • Despite vaccine introductions, rotavirus infections persist, with unusual genotypes contributing to the diarrheal burden.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the impact of rotavirus vaccines on the prevalence and distribution of rotavirus genotypes.
  • To investigate the potential for unusual rotavirus strains to reduce vaccine efficacy.
  • To highlight the need for continuous monitoring of rotavirus strain dynamics post-vaccination.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological data on rotavirus genotype distribution before and after vaccine introduction.
  • Analysis of reported emergence and prevalence of specific rotavirus genotypes (e.g., G2, G3, G9, G12).
  • Assessment of potential selection pressures exerted by vaccines on circulating rotavirus strains.

Main Results:

  • Rotavirus vaccines have significantly reduced morbidity and mortality, but infection rates remain.
  • Unusual rotavirus genotypes are emerging and circulating, with geographical variations.
  • Observed shifts in genotype predominance post-vaccination raise questions about vaccine impact and efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • Continuous monitoring of rotavirus strain prevalence is crucial, especially after vaccine introduction.
  • Understanding the interplay between vaccines and rotavirus strains is essential for vaccine development and public health strategies.
  • Addressing rotavirus-associated mortality requires considering vaccine impact on strain circulation and adapting control measures.