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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD
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ADHD treatment and pregnancy.

Frank M C Besag1

  • 1SEPT: South Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, Bedford, UK, FBesag@aol.com.

Drug Safety
|May 6, 2014
PubMed
Summary

ADHD medication use in pregnant women is rising, but data on fetal effects are limited. While risks of continuing treatment appear low for methylphenidate, potential risks of discontinuing treatment for mother and baby must be considered.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Reproductive Health

Background:

  • Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is increasingly diagnosed in adults, including women of childbearing age.
  • Concerns exist regarding ADHD medication safety during pregnancy and breastfeeding due to limited available data.
  • Impulsivity in ADHD may increase unplanned pregnancies, complicating treatment decisions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the limited information on the effects of ADHD medication on the fetus and newborn.
  • To address key questions regarding the continuation, adjustment, and breastfeeding implications of ADHD treatment during pregnancy.
  • To highlight the balance between risks of treatment and risks of untreated ADHD for mother and child.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on ADHD medication use in pregnancy and lactation.

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  • Analysis of pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic changes during pregnancy.
  • Examination of FDA "pregnancy category C" classification for ADHD medications.

    • Main Results:

    • Limited data suggest a low risk of fetal malformation with methylphenidate, with minimal medication transfer via breast milk.
    • Recent evidence indicates potential increased rates of fetal loss (abortion, miscarriage) with methylphenidate.
    • Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes during pregnancy can alter medication efficacy and concentration.

    Conclusions:

    • Discontinuing ADHD treatment during pregnancy poses risks to both mother and baby.
    • Continuing ADHD medication, particularly methylphenidate, appears to carry a relatively small risk to the fetus, though data remain insufficient.
    • Open and honest discussions are crucial for women of childbearing age regarding the knowns and unknowns of ADHD treatment during pregnancy and breastfeeding.