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Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
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The sympathetic chain ganglia, also known as the sympathetic trunk ganglia or paravertebral ganglia, are a series of ganglia located bilaterally on either side of the spinal column. These ganglia serve as relay stations for the sympathetic nervous system. Preganglionic neurons originating in the spinal cord project their axons to the sympathetic chain ganglia. Within the ganglia, these preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons.The postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic trunk...
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The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Rating L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesias in the Unilaterally 6-OHDA-Lesioned Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease
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[Locomotive syndrome].

Noriko Yoshimura

    Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine
    |May 7, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) significantly increases the risk of developing knee osteoarthritis (OA). This study highlights a crucial link between cognitive health and joint disease, impacting disability.

    Area of Science:

    • Gerontology
    • Rheumatology
    • Neurology

    Background:

    • Osteoarthritis (OA) and cognitive impairment (CI) are leading causes of disability.
    • No prior research has explored the connection between CI and OA.
    • Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a potential precursor to dementia.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the association between MCI and the incidence and progression of knee OA.
    • To analyze data from the Research on Osteoarthritis/Osteoporosis Against Disability (ROAD) study.

    Main Methods:

    • Longitudinal study design analyzing data from the ROAD study.
    • Baseline assessment of cognitive status and knee OA.
    • Follow-up assessment including knee radiography after 3 years.
    • Statistical analysis to determine the association between MCI and knee OA incidence.

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    Main Results:

    • A significant association was found between the presence of MCI at baseline and the incidence of knee OA.
    • Participants with MCI had a 4.90 times higher odds of developing knee OA compared to those without MCI (p < 0.05).

    Conclusions:

    • Mild cognitive impairment is a significant risk factor for the development of knee osteoarthritis.
    • This finding suggests a potential shared pathway or bidirectional relationship between cognitive decline and joint degeneration.
    • Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and explore potential interventions.