Serum capacity to inhibit reverse transcriptase in vitro distinguishes HIV-1 infection from HIV-2 or SIV infection

The inhibition of HIV-1 and SIV reverse transcriptase by human and rhesus macaque serum positive for HIV-1 or HIV-2/SIV antibodies was studied. The domain to which reverse transcriptase-inhibiting antibodies were elicited appeared to be highly antigenic. A total of 67% (48 of 72) of individuals had HIV-1 reverse transcriptase-inhibiting (RTI) antibodies 1 year after seroconversion for HIV-1, 90% (9 of 10) of HIV-2 antibody positive persons had SIV RTI antibodies, and all four experimentally SIV-infected rhesus macaques developed SIV RTI antibodies. Low cross-reactivity between HIV-1 and HIV-2/SIV RTI antibodies was observed. Of 10 HIV-1 RTI sera, 2 reduced SIV RT activity by more than 50% (mean reduction 85 versus 24%). Only 1 of 9 SIV RTI human sera reduced HIV-1 RT (mean reduction 74 versus 25%). This serum, however, showed a shared reactivity against both HIV-1 and HIV-2. These results indicate that the HIV-1 domain inducing RTI antibodies is antigenically different from the HIV-2/SIV domain.