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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

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Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
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Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
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Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

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Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Associations between thyroid function and mortality: the influence of age.

Annenienke C van de Ven1, Romana T Netea-Maier2, Femmie de Vegt2

  • 1Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineDepartment for Health EvidenceDepartment of Laboratory MedicineDepartment of UrologyRadboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The NetherlandsSection of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Annenienke.vandeVen@radboudumc.nl.

European Journal of Endocrinology
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PubMed
Summary

Age influences thyroid function

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Gerontology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Thyroid dysfunction is common and associated with health outcomes.
  • Previous studies on thyroid function and mortality have yielded conflicting results.
  • The role of age in the thyroid function-mortality relationship requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine how age modifies the association between thyroid function and mortality.
  • To clarify discrepancies in existing literature regarding thyroid function and mortality risks.

Main Methods:

  • Population-based Nijmegen Biomedical Study.
  • Inclusion of 5816 adults across all age groups without prior thyroid disease.
  • Measurement of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and peroxidase antibodies; mortality follow-up over 9.4 years.

Main Results:

  • Subclinical thyrotoxicosis increased mortality risk in individuals <65 years but not in those >65 years.
  • In elderly participants (≥80 years), high-normal FT4 levels were linked to increased mortality compared to mid-range levels.
  • High-normal TSH levels in the elderly were also associated with higher mortality risk.

Conclusions:

  • The association between thyroid function and mortality is age-dependent.
  • Age-related differences in thyroid function's impact on mortality may explain inconsistent findings in prior research.