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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
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DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...
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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: Developing Precise and Clinically Relevant Models for Studying Secondary Degeneration in Traumatic Optic Neuropathy
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Chronic visual dysfunction after blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury.

M Teresa Magone1, Ellen Kwon, Soo Y Shin

  • 1Department of Surgery/Eye Clinic, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 50 Irving St NW, Washington, DC 20422. maria.magone@va.gov.

Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development
|May 9, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Long-term visual dysfunction is common after blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury (mbTBI), even years later. Multiple mbTBI incidents increase the risk of persistent visual complaints like photophobia and reading difficulties.

Keywords:
accommodative insufficiencyblast-induced traumatic brain injurycombat-related traumatic brain injuryconvergence insufficiencydismounted injuryeyesloss of consciousnessmild traumatic brain injurynear vision deficitphotophobiatraumatic brain injuryvisual dysfunction

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Area of Science:

  • Neuro-ophthalmology
  • Traumatic Brain Injury Research
  • Vision Science

Background:

  • Blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury (mbTBI) can lead to persistent neurological deficits.
  • Visual dysfunction following TBI is a recognized but often underdiagnosed complication.
  • Long-term effects of mbTBI on visual health require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence and nature of long-term visual dysfunction in patients with a history of mbTBI.
  • To identify factors associated with visual complaints after mbTBI.
  • To assess the impact of mbTBI on visual acuity, photophobia, reading ability, and binocular vision.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective case series of 31 patients with mbTBI over 12 months prior, excluding eye injuries.
  • Analysis of medical history, visual complaints, and binocular vision assessments.
  • Comparison of visual outcomes between patients with single versus multiple mbTBI events.

Main Results:

  • 68% of patients reported long-term visual complaints, most commonly photophobia (55%) and difficulty with reading (32%).
  • Convergence insufficiency (25%) and accommodative insufficiency (23%) were frequently diagnosed.
  • Patients with multiple mbTBI incidents showed a higher rate of visual complaints (87.5%).
  • Asymptomatic patients had a significantly longer duration since mbTBI compared to symptomatic patients.

Conclusions:

  • Long-term visual dysfunction is prevalent after mbTBI, persisting despite normal distance visual acuity.
  • The risk of visual complaints increases with multiple mbTBI occurrences.
  • Routine eye examinations should include thorough history taking, symptom evaluation, and binocular vision assessment for patients with mbTBI history.