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Nucleotide Excision Repair01:08

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DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
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In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
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One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
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Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.
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[DPEPhosbcpCu]PF6: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst
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Copper phenanthrene oxidative chemical nucleases.

Zara Molphy1, Andreea Prisecaru, Creina Slator

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New copper(II) phenanthroline-phenazine complexes show strong DNA binding and oxidative cleavage capabilities. These agents exhibit potent DNA damage activity, with potential applications in cancer therapy and as chemical nucleases.

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Area of Science:

  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Bioinorganic Chemistry
  • Chemical Biology

Background:

  • Copper(II) complexes with phenanthroline ligands are known chemical nucleases.
  • Phenanthroline-phenazine ligands offer enhanced DNA recognition properties.
  • Understanding structure-activity relationships is crucial for developing novel DNA-targeting agents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel bis-chelate Cu(2+) phenanthroline-phenazine cationic complexes.
  • To evaluate their DNA binding affinity, intercalation modes, and oxidative cleavage activity.
  • To assess their in vitro cytotoxicity against cisplatin-resistant cancer cells.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and isolation of [Cu(DPQ)(Phen)](2+), [Cu(DPPZ)(Phen)](2+), and [Cu(DPPN)(Phen)](2+) complexes.
  • DNA binding studies using fluorescence quenching and thermal melting experiments.
  • DNA cleavage assays using pUC19 DNA and an on-chip method for quantification.
  • Cytotoxicity assays against SKOV3 ovarian cancer cell line.

Main Results:

  • Complexes exhibited significantly enhanced DNA binding constants compared to [Cu(Phen)2](2+).
  • DPQ and DPPZ complexes showed the highest DNA binding affinities, indicating intercalation.
  • Phenazine complexes demonstrated effective oxidative cleavage of DNA, particularly on GC-rich sequences.
  • In vitro cytotoxicity was comparable to doxorubicin against SKOV3 cells.

Conclusions:

  • Bis-chelate Cu(2+) phenanthroline-phenazine complexes are potent DNA-binding and DNA-cleaving agents.
  • Oxidative nuclease activity is influenced by, but not solely dependent on, DNA binding affinity and intercalation.
  • These complexes show promise as anticancer agents and tools for DNA damage studies.