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Real-time fMRI Biofeedback Targeting the Orbitofrontal Cortex for Contamination Anxiety

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Biofeedback for psychiatric disorders: a systematic review.

Poppy L A Schoenberg¹, Anthony S David

¹Section of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, Division of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, Box P068, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK, p.schoenberg@kcl.ac.uk.

Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback

|May 9, 2014

Summary

Biofeedback interventions show promise for treating psychiatric disorders like anxiety and depression. Multi-modal biofeedback appears most effective, with most studies reporting symptom reduction, though more standardized research is needed.

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Area of Science:

Psychophysiology
Psychiatry
Neuroscience

Background:

Biofeedback offers non-invasive psychophysiological interventions for psychiatric conditions.
Existing research explores biofeedback for anxiety, autism, depression, dissociation, eating disorders, and schizophrenia.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the application of biofeedback interventions in treating specific psychiatric disorders.
To provide a reference for clinicians and researchers on biofeedback treatment administration.

Main Methods:

Systematic literature search across EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science.
Inclusion of 63 articles from 227 identified studies, including hand searches.
Analysis of electroencephalographic neurofeedback and multi-modal biofeedback approaches.

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Last Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Real-time fMRI Biofeedback Targeting the Orbitofrontal Cortex for Contamination Anxiety

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Published on: January 20, 2012

Psychophysiological Stress Assessment Using Biofeedback

Psychophysiological Stress Assessment Using Biofeedback

Published on: July 31, 2009

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

Published on: August 24, 2017

Main Results:

Electroencephalographic neurofeedback was the most studied modality (31.7%).
Anxiety disorders were the most frequently treated condition (68.3%).
Multi-modal biofeedback demonstrated the highest efficacy in symptom amelioration.
80.9% of studies reported some clinical improvement, with 65.0% achieving statistical significance (p < .05).

Conclusions:

Biofeedback interventions show potential for psychiatric symptom reduction, particularly multi-modal approaches.
Standardized protocols and reporting guidelines are needed to establish biofeedback's value in psychiatry.
Further research is warranted due to study heterogeneity.