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Related Concept Videos

Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients01:15

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Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...
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Drug distribution in the human body is influenced by several factors, including plasma protein concentration, body composition, blood flow, tissue-protein concentration, and tissue fluid pH. Among these, changes in plasma protein concentration and body composition due to aging significantly affect how drugs are distributed within the body. Specifically, aging is associated with a decrease in albumin levels by about 10% and an increase in α1-acid glycoprotein levels. These alterations are...
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Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age01:27

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Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Excretion01:18

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In geriatric patients, renal physiology undergoes significant changes, including diminished renal blood flow and a lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR), leading to alterations in medication clearance. Drugs such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, lithium, and digoxin, which rely on glomerular filtration for removal from the body, particularly impact pharmacokinetics. These drugs tend to have slower clearance rates in older adults, necessitating careful dosage considerations.Evaluation of renal...
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Related Experiment Video

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Immunologic changes in frail older adults.

George C Wang1, Vincenzo Casolaro2

  • 1Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Biology of Healthy Aging Program, Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology , Baltimore, MD ; Atlantic Center for Research, Atlantic Health System , Morristown, NJ ; Premier Health Associates , Sparta, NJ.

Translational Medicine @ Unisa
|May 9, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Frail older adults show immune system dysregulation, with both heightened inflammation and defective immune cell responses. This suggests a need for interventions to enhance immune function in this population.

Keywords:
CytokinesFrailtyImmunityInflammationLymphocytes

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Gerontology
  • Inflammation Research

Background:

  • Frail older adults exhibit a heightened inflammatory state.
  • Immune dysregulation involves both innate and adaptive immune pathways.
  • Key markers include elevated interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and neopterin.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the immune system's status in frail older adults.
  • To identify specific immune defects contributing to frailty.
  • To explore potential targets for immune-enhancing strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of serum inflammatory markers (interleukin-6, C-reactive protein).
  • Assessment of monocyte/macrophage activation (neopterin levels).
  • Evaluation of mononuclear cell response to lipopolysaccharide in vitro.
  • Characterization of T cell populations (CD8+ T cells, CCR5 expression).
  • Measurement of antibody response to vaccines (pneumococcal, influenza).

Main Results:

  • Elevated inflammatory markers and leukocyte counts observed.
  • Evidence of defective innate immune activation (reduced response to lipopolysaccharide).
  • Expansion of specific CD8+ T cell subsets (CCR5+) noted.
  • Reduced antibody response to pneumococcal and influenza vaccines.

Conclusions:

  • Frail older adults possess a dysregulated immune system.
  • Both innate and adaptive immunity are compromised.
  • Strategies to improve immune function are necessary for this demographic.