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Related Concept Videos

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway01:28

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway

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Nitric oxide (NO), an inorganic gas, acts as a potent second messenger in most animal and plant tissues. NO diffuses out of the cells that produce it and enters the neighboring cells to generate a downstream response. NO synthase (NOS) catalyzes NO production by the deamination of the amino acid arginine. There are three isoforms of NOS. Endothelial cells have endothelial NOS (eNOS), nerve and muscle cells have neuronal NOS (nNOS), and macrophages produce inducible NOS (iNOS) upon exposure...
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Vasodilators, primarily affecting the smooth muscles within arterial and venous walls, are commonly used for hypertension treatment. Medications such as minoxidil and hydralazine primarily target arteries and arterioles, while sodium nitroprusside acts on arterioles and venules. Minoxidil, functioning as a prodrug, is metabolized by hepatic sulfotransferase into its active form, minoxidil sulfate, after oral administration. This metabolite binds to the sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) component of...
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Antianginal Drugs: Nitrates and β-Blockers01:16

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In cardiovascular health, antianginal drugs combat angina pectoris — a condition marked by chest pain owing to diminished blood flow to the heart.
Organic nitrates,  such as nitroglycerin, play a pivotal role. Once metabolized, they liberate nitric oxide, a molecular marvel. Nitric oxide triggers guanylyl cyclase and augments cGMP production. This biochemical cascade orchestrates the relaxation of vascular smooth muscles, ushering in vasodilation and enhancing coronary blood flow....
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Prostacyclin receptor agonists are a class of therapeutic agents integral to managing pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). These drugs operate by mimicking the action of prostaglandin I2, or PGI2, a naturally occurring compound in the body.
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Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

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Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx...
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Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Updated: Apr 30, 2026

A Novel Inhalation Mask System to Deliver High Concentrations of Nitric Oxide Gas in Spontaneously Breathing Subjects
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Nitric oxide donors for treating preterm labour.

Kirsten Duckitt1, Steve Thornton, Oliver P O'Donovan

  • 1Campbell River and District General Hospital, 375 - 2nd Avenue, Campbell River, British Columbia, Canada, V9W 3V1.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|May 10, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nitric oxide donors do not significantly prolong pregnancy in threatened preterm labor and lack evidence for improved neonatal outcomes. Routine use is not supported due to insufficient data and potential side effects like headaches.

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Preterm labor necessitates tocolytic agents to delay birth and improve neonatal outcomes.
  • Nitric oxide donors are explored for their uterine relaxant properties in managing preterm labor.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of nitric oxide donors in delaying birth for threatened preterm labor.
  • To assess the impact of nitric oxide donors on adverse effects and neonatal outcomes.
  • To determine if nitric oxide donors offer benefits compared to placebo or other tocolytics.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of randomized controlled trials from the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register.
  • Inclusion of trials involving nitric oxide donors for tocolysis in threatened preterm labor.
  • Independent assessment of trial quality and data extraction by two reviewers.

Main Results:

  • Twelve trials (1227 women) showed no significant prolongation of pregnancy beyond 48 hours with nitric oxide donors compared to placebo.
  • Headaches were a notable adverse effect in the active treatment group.
  • No significant reduction in neonatal death or serious morbidity was observed; however, one study suggested a potential benefit for serious adverse outcomes with glyceryl trinitrate.
  • Compared to other tocolytics, nitric oxide donors did not demonstrate superior pregnancy prolongation but showed a reduction in most adverse effects, excluding headache.
  • Infant morbidity and mortality outcomes were similar between groups.

Conclusions:

  • Insufficient evidence exists to recommend the routine use of nitric oxide donors for threatened preterm labor.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the role and safety of nitric oxide donors in preterm labor management.