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Related Concept Videos

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:15

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

53
An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...
53
Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction01:26

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

18
A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...
18
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

20
A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
20
Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction01:15

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

40
Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.
40
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

28
A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
28

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Brain Infarct Segmentation and Registration on MRI or CT for Lesion-symptom Mapping
10:25

Brain Infarct Segmentation and Registration on MRI or CT for Lesion-symptom Mapping

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"Invisible" brain stem infarction at the first day.

Yohei Tsuyusaki1, Ryuji Sakakibara1, Masahiko Kishi1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Internal Medicine, Sakura Medical Center, Toho University, Sakura, Japan.

Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases : the Official Journal of National Stroke Association
|May 10, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Early stroke detection is crucial. Invisible brain stem infarction (IBI) may not appear on initial MRI, but serial imaging can reveal these smaller, medullary lesions, aiding timely treatment.

Keywords:
Strokebrain stemdiffusion-weighted imagemagnetic resonance imaging

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Radiology
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • Serial diffusion-weighted MRI (DW MRI) can reveal lesions not visible on day 1.
  • Clinical features of "invisible" brain stem infarction (IBI) on day 1 require delineation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define and characterize clinical features of IBI.
  • To identify patient subgroups prone to IBI.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective study of 212 stroke patients.
  • Defined IBI by clinical improvement and serial DW MRI findings (high signal intensity, low ADC).
  • Analyzed lesion size, location, and associated symptoms.

Main Results:

  • IBI identified in 6 patients, exclusively in the brain stem (17%).
  • DW MRI visibility typically occurred by day 3/4; initial signal changes were minimal.
  • IBI lesions were smaller (2.7 mm²) and often located in the dorsolateral medulla, with more sensory disturbance and less dysarthria.

Conclusions:

  • Smaller stroke volume, medullary location, and sensory disturbance are associated with IBI.
  • Recognizing IBI is vital for early stroke management using MRI criteria.