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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Development of an Individual-Tree Basal Area Increment Model using a Linear Mixed-Effects Approach

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Published on: July 3, 2020

Systematic temporal patterns in the relationship between housing development and forest bird biodiversity.

Anna M Pidgeon¹, Curtis H Flather, Volker C Radeloff

¹SILVIS Lab, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, U.S.A.. apidgeon@wisc.edu.

Conservation Biology : the Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology

|May 10, 2014

Summary

Human development impacts avian biodiversity over time. Initially, low-density housing may correlate positively with bird species richness, but prolonged development leads to significant biodiversity loss.

Keywords:

América del Norte North America animales animals aves birds bosque forest functional groups grupos funcionales housing patrón temporal temporal pattern vivienda woodland

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Area of Science:

Ecology
Conservation Biology
Environmental Science

Background:

Human encroachment into natural habitats raises concerns about avian biodiversity.
The relationship between human populations and biodiversity varies with spatial scale.
Previous research indicates a negative association between human presence and biodiversity at local scales.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the temporal trends in the relationship between bird biodiversity and housing development in the United States.
To determine if housing growth systematically alters forest bird species richness over time.
To understand the two-phase process of human settlement's impact on biodiversity.

Main Methods:

Utilized linear regression to analyze associations between forest bird species richness and housing growth over 30 years.
Employed data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey and the 2000 U.S. Census.
Examined trends across the conterminous United States, focusing on 9 major forested ecoregions.

Main Results:

Housing density increased continuously in the studied ecoregions.
A positive association between bird species richness and housing density was observed for most avian guilds, excluding ground-nesting birds.
A systematic decline in bird species richness was detected as housing increased over time, with negative associations strengthening in earlier developed areas.

Conclusions:

The relationship between human settlement and biodiversity follows a two-phase trajectory: an initially innocuous phase with positive associations, followed by a detrimental phase with biodiversity losses.
The long-term impact on biodiversity is contingent upon the final housing density.
This pattern offers a unified framework for understanding human encroachment and biodiversity responses.