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Related Concept Videos

Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets01:17

Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets

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Transmission-based precautions are for patients known to be infected or suspected to be infected or colonized with organisms that pose a significant risk to others. Some transmission-based precautions include contact, enteric, and droplet.
Contact Precautions:
Contact precautions are the measures taken to prevent the transmission of infectious agents, especially epidemiologically important microorganisms such as MRSA or influenza, primarily transmitted through direct or indirect contact with an...
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Standard Precaution01:26

Standard Precaution

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Standard precautions are the minimum infection control safeguards used while caring for all patients, irrespective of their disease condition. They help prevent the spread of common infectious microorganisms to healthcare workers, patients, and visitors in all healthcare settings.
Hand hygiene is the most crucial means to prevent the transmission of disease. Employers are legally required to provide their workers with personal protective equipment (PPE) to minimize exposure or contact with...
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Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

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Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...
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Urinary Tract Infection IV: Nursing Management01:17

Urinary Tract Infection IV: Nursing Management

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In managing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in nursing, a comprehensive assessment is essential. Begin by gathering subjective data, such as the patient’s complaints of dysuria (painful urination), urinary frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain, and any lower abdominal discomfort. This information can be complemented by questions regarding previous UTIs, sexual activity, and personal hygiene practices, which can provide insight into risk factors. Objective assessment should focus on signs...
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Hand hygiene01:23

Hand hygiene

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Asepsis is the practice of preventing or breaking the chain of infection. The nurse employs aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of microorganisms and reduce the risk of diseases. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of aseptic techniques and is classified into medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis includes hand hygiene and the use of gloves. Surgical asepsis, or the sterile technique, refers to practices that render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms.
Hand washing...
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Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment01:25

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

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Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
Use airborne precautions when treating patients known or suspected to have diseases that spread through the air—for example, tuberculosis or measles. These organisms are present in smaller droplets expelled by an infected person and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Swab Sampling Method for the Detection of Human Norovirus on Surfaces
10:03

Swab Sampling Method for the Detection of Human Norovirus on Surfaces

Published on: February 6, 2017

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Infection control for norovirus.

L Barclay1, G W Park, E Vega

  • 1Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.

Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
|May 13, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Norovirus is a leading cause of gastroenteritis, difficult to control due to its stability and transmission routes. New research on disinfectants and vaccines aims to improve prevention and outbreak management strategies.

Keywords:
Disinfectionepidemiologyinfection controlnorovirusnosocomial

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EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples
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EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples

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EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay
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EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay

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Last Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Swab Sampling Method for the Detection of Human Norovirus on Surfaces
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EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples
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EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples

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EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay
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EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Virology

Background:

  • Norovirus is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks and sporadic cases.
  • Challenges in norovirus control include low infectious dose, high shedding, and environmental stability.
  • Multiple transmission routes, including person-to-person and foodborne, facilitate spread.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology, virology, and prevention/control of norovirus infections.
  • To focus on disinfection and decontamination principles in norovirus outbreak management.
  • To discuss challenges in evidence generation for infection control and emerging insights.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on norovirus epidemiology and virology.
  • Analysis of current prevention and control guidelines, emphasizing disinfection.
  • Inclusion of new experimental data on norovirus surrogates, environmental survivability, and disinfectant efficacy.

Main Results:

  • Norovirus remains a significant public health concern due to its transmission characteristics.
  • Effective outbreak management requires stringent infection control, including hand hygiene and environmental decontamination.
  • Emerging data on disinfectants and vaccines offer potential for refined control strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Despite challenges in laboratory culture and evidence gathering, norovirus control relies on established infection control principles.
  • New research on disinfectant efficacy and cultivable surrogates is refining decontamination practices.
  • Vaccine development holds promise for future targeted interventions against norovirus.