The plant hormone zeatin riboside inhibits T lymphocyte activity via adenosine A2A receptor activation

Cytokinins are plant hormones that play an integral role in multiple aspects of plant growth and development. The biological functions of cytokinins in mammalian systems are, however, largely uncharacterized. The naturally occurring cytokinin zeatin riboside has recently been demonstrated to activate the mammalian adenosine A(2A) receptor, which is broadly expressed by various cell types including immune system cells, with the activation of the A(2A)R playing a role in the regulation of cells involved in both innate and adaptive immunity. We show for the first time that zeatin riboside modulates mammalian immune system activity via an A(2A)R-dependent mechanism. Specifically, zeatin riboside treatment induces the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) by T lymphocytes and inhibits the production by CD3(+)CD4(+) T cells of interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-2, tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-4 and IL-13, and the production by CD3(+)CD8(+) T cells of IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α. Additionally, the upregulation of CD25, CD69 and CD40L by activated T lymphocytes is modulated by zeatin riboside. Zeatin riboside treatment also potently inhibits thioglycollate-induced peritoneal leukocytosis. The immunomodulatory activities of zeatin riboside are blocked by co-treatment with the selective A(2A)R antagonist ZM241385. These data suggest that zeatin riboside possesses therapeutic potential as a mammalian immunomodulatory agent.