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Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level
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Evolution of centromeric retrotransposons in grasses.

Anupma Sharma1, Gernot G Presting2

  • 1Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii, Mānoa.

Genome Biology and Evolution
|May 13, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Centromeric retrotransposons (CRs) in grasses exhibit horizontal transfer and recombination, creating mosaic elements. This challenges phylogenetic analysis and necessitates a new classification system for these prolific retrotransposons.

Keywords:
CRMcentromeric retrotransposonhorizontal transferinterelement recombinationphylogeny

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Evolution
  • Plant Biology

Background:

  • Centromeric retrotransposons (CRs) are plant retroelements that preferentially insert into functional centromeres.
  • Understanding their evolution is crucial for deciphering genome dynamics in grasses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze CR family members across four grass genomes.
  • To investigate horizontal transfer (HT) and recombination events involving CRs.
  • To propose a revised nomenclature for CR elements based on phylogenetic relationships.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomics analysis of CR elements in oryzoid and panicoid grass lineages.
  • Identification of horizontal transfer and recombination events.
  • Phylogenetic analysis to establish evolutionary relationships.

Main Results:

  • Documented horizontal transfer of CR elements between grass lineages.
  • Observed recombination between horizontally transferred and endogenous CR elements, creating prolific recombinants.
  • Identified the CR2 subfamily as the most widely distributed CR element in grass genomes.

Conclusions:

  • Horizontal transfer and recombination significantly shape the evolution of CRs in grasses.
  • Existing nomenclature for CRs is inadequate due to complex evolutionary histories.
  • A new classification system based on phylogeny is proposed, with CR2 being a key subfamily for centromere function.