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Related Concept Videos

Crown Ethers02:36

Crown Ethers

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Crown ethers are cyclic polyethers that contain multiple oxygen atoms, usually arranged in a regular pattern. The first crown ether was synthesized by Charles Pederson while working at DuPont in 1967. For this work, Pedersen was co-awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Crown ethers are named using the formula x-crown-y, where x is the total number of atoms in the ring and y is the number of ether oxygen atoms. The term 'crown' refers to the crown-like shape that these ether molecules take.
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Unit Cells01:18

Unit Cells

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A crystal's internal structure is an orderly array of atoms, ions, or molecules, and the details of this array significantly influence the solid's properties. In a crystal, periodically repeating 'structural motifs' - which could be atoms, molecules, or groups thereof - create a 'space lattice.' This is essentially a three-dimensional, infinite array of points, each surrounded by its neighbors in an identical way, forming the basic structure of the crystal.A 'unit cell' is a theoretical...
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

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Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and...
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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Two crown-ether-coordinated caesium halogen salts.

Natalija van Well1, Christian Klein1, Franz Ritter1

  • 1Kristall- und Materiallabor, Physikalisches Institut, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

Acta Crystallographica. Section C, Structural Chemistry
|May 13, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The crystal structures of two caesium halogen salt hydrates coordinated by 18-crown-6 ether were determined. Despite similar compositions, they exhibit distinct crystal structures and hydrogen bonding networks, forming 1D chains or 3D networks.

Keywords:
CsBrCsClcrown ethercrystal structurehydratehydrogen bonding

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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Crystal Engineering
  • Coordination Chemistry

Background:

  • Crown ethers like 18-crown-6 are known for their ability to selectively bind alkali metal cations, such as caesium (Cs+).
  • Caesium halogen salt hydrates incorporating crown ethers represent an interesting class of compounds with potential applications in ion binding and separation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate and compare the crystal structures of two caesium halogen salt hydrates coordinated by 18-crown-6 ether.
  • To investigate the influence of the halogen anion (bromide vs. chloride) on the resulting crystal packing and hydrogen bonding motifs.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the detailed atomic arrangements of the two caesium complexes.
  • Structural analysis focused on identifying coordination modes, hydrogen bonding patterns, and overall network dimensionality.

Main Results:

  • Two distinct crystal structures were resolved: a discrete dimeric hydrate for the caesium bromide complex (I) and a 1D polymeric chain for the caesium chloride complex (II).
  • Compound (I) features one-dimensional chains formed by hydrogen bonds between bromide ligands and water molecules.
  • Compound (II) exhibits a three-dimensional network resulting from the combination of polymeric caesium-crown chains with two-dimensional sheets of water and chloride ligands.

Conclusions:

  • Despite similar components (Cs+, halogen, 18-crown-6, water), the caesium bromide and chloride complexes display significantly different crystal structures.
  • The observed structural variations highlight the role of the halogen anion in directing hydrogen bonding and influencing the dimensionality of the crystal network.
  • Compound (I) is isomorphous with a previously reported caesium iodide analogue, suggesting a trend in structural organization within this series.