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Updated: Apr 30, 2026

High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation During Sleep
Published on: December 5, 2025
Induction of self awareness in dreams through frontal low current stimulation of gamma activity
Ursula Voss1, Romain Holzmann2, Allan Hobson3
11] Department of Psychology, J.W. Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany. [2] Department of Clinical Sleep Research, VITOS Hochtaunus Klinik, Friedrichsdorf, Germany.
Abstract:
Recent findings link fronto-temporal gamma electroencephalographic (EEG) activity to conscious awareness in dreams, but a causal relationship has not yet been established. We found that current stimulation in the lower gamma band during REM sleep influences ongoing brain activity and induces self-reflective awareness in dreams. Other stimulation frequencies were not effective, suggesting that higher order consciousness is indeed related to synchronous oscillations around 25 and 40 Hz.
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