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Related Concept Videos

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:24

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

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Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...
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Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is...
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Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and...
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Parkinson Disease l: Introduction01:24

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Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Patients may notice hand tremors at rest, stiffness during movement, or a shuffling gait. In addition to motor features, non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbances, mood and behavioral changes, constipation, and cognitive impairment, all of...
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Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Characterizing the Relationship Between Eye Movement Parameters and Cognitive Functions in Non-demented Parkinson's Disease Patients with Eye Tracking
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Imaging changes associated with cognitive abnormalities in Parkinson's disease.

Yuko Koshimori1, Barbara Segura, Leigh Christopher

  • 1Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour-Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, UHN, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst St, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada.

Brain Structure & Function
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Summary

Parkinson's disease (PD) patients show early gray and white matter changes in frontal brain regions. These structural brain alterations correlate with cognitive deficits, suggesting they are key biomarkers for PD.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder impacting motor function.
  • Cognitive impairment is a common non-motor symptom in PD, even in early stages.
  • Understanding the structural brain changes associated with cognitive deficits in PD is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate gray and white matter alterations in non-demented Parkinson's disease patients.
  • To correlate structural brain changes with cognitive deficits and clinical features of PD.
  • To identify potential early biomarkers for cognitive impairment in PD.

Main Methods:

  • Enrolled 26 PD patients and 15 healthy controls (HCs).
  • Utilized T1-weighted and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) for brain scans.
  • Assessed cognition using a comprehensive neuropsychological battery.

Main Results:

  • PD patients exhibited significant cortical thinning in sensorimotor and frontal regions (e.g., left dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus [DLSFG]).
  • DLSFG cortical thinning correlated with executive and global cognitive impairment.
  • White matter abnormalities were observed in frontal and temporal regions, also correlating with cognitive impairment.

Conclusions:

  • Gray and white matter changes, particularly in frontal regions, are early pathological indicators of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease.
  • These structural changes may serve as sensitive biomarkers for detecting brain alterations in PD.
  • Early identification of these changes can aid in understanding and managing cognitive decline in PD.