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Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the composition of materials. It is widely employed in chemistry, materials science, forensic science, and other fields where sample characterization is required. ATR has several advantages over traditional transmission IR spectroscopy, including the requirement of little to no sample preparation and the ability to analyze a wide range of samples.
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A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 29, 2026

Surface Renewal: An Advanced Micrometeorological Method for Measuring and Processing Field-Scale Energy Flux Density Data
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[Progress in retrieving land surface temperature for the cloud-covered pixels from thermal infrared remote sensing

Yi Zhou, Zhi-Hao Qin, Gang Bao

    Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi = Guang Pu
    |May 15, 2014
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    Summary

    Accurately estimating land surface temperature (LST) under clouds is crucial for thermal infrared remote sensing. This review examines LST retrieval methods for cloud-covered areas, highlighting challenges and future research directions.

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    Area of Science:

    • Earth Science
    • Remote Sensing
    • Atmospheric Science

    Context:

    • Land surface temperature (LST) is a critical parameter for understanding land surface processes at various scales.
    • Satellite thermal infrared (TIR) data are vital for LST retrieval, but cloud cover significantly hinders accurate measurements.
    • Cloud-contaminated LST data present a major challenge in thermal remote sensing applications.

    Purpose:

    • To review existing algorithms and approaches for retrieving LST from TIR data in cloud-covered pixels.
    • To discuss the characteristics and limitations of current LST retrieval methods under cloud conditions.
    • To identify future research directions for improving the accuracy of satellite-derived LST for cloud-covered areas.

    Summary:

    • This paper reviews algorithms for estimating land surface temperature (LST) in cloud-covered regions using thermal infrared (TIR) data.
    • It discusses the challenges posed by cloud interference, where cloud top temperatures contaminate actual LST retrievals.
    • The review analyzes various methods, their characteristics, and suggests future research avenues for enhanced accuracy.

    Impact:

    • Improves the reliability of satellite-derived LST data, even in the presence of clouds.
    • Enhances the utility of thermal infrared remote sensing for a wider range of scientific studies.
    • Provides a foundation for developing more robust LST retrieval algorithms for global climate monitoring.