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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 29, 2026

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
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Hinged total elbow replacement.

R F Dryer, J A Buckwalter, B L Sprague

    Orthopedics
    |May 15, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Total elbow arthroplasty with a hinged prosthesis effectively relieved pain in patients with severe elbow joint destruction. Selective use of this prosthesis demonstrated a low incidence of loosening, indicating good clinical outcomes.

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    Area of Science:

    • Orthopedic Surgery
    • Biomedical Engineering

    Background:

    • Total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) is a surgical option for severe elbow joint destruction.
    • Hinged prostheses offer stability but carry risks of loosening and infection.

    Discussion:

    • This study evaluated 17 total elbow arthroplasties using a hinged prosthesis in 12 patients.
    • Indications included disabling pain, restricted motion, and radiographic joint destruction.
    • Exclusion criteria involved restricted shoulder motion or high-demand activities.

    Key Insights:

    • Fifteen of seventeen elbows (88%) showed good results, with all patients experiencing pain relief.
    • Complications included one case of ectopic ossification and one deep wound infection requiring prosthesis removal.
    • Radiographic loosening (lucent lines, cement fracture) was observed in 5 elbows, but only one was symptomatic.

    Outlook:

    • Selective use of hinged prostheses may reduce the incidence of symptomatic loosening.
    • Further research could explore long-term outcomes and optimal patient selection for hinged TEA.