Restoration of movement by electrical stimulation: a contemporary view of the basic problems
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Updated: Apr 29, 2026

Breathing-controlled Electrical Stimulation BreEStim for Management of Neuropathic Pain and Spasticity
Published on: January 10, 2013
Abstract:
The biomechanics of movement are reviewed from the standpoint of restoration of joint function of paralyzed patients by functional electrical stimulation. The physiological processes active in both generating and maintaining well-regulated movement are analyzed in conjunction with current stimulation interface techniques, and some problems are identified. The need for improvements in the external control of motor unit recruitment, synergy and proprioceptive/kinesthetic feedback are presented from a bioengineering perspective.
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