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Indeterminate Structure

Indeterminate Structure

Indeterminate structures refer to structures where internal forces and reactions cannot be determined using only the equations of static equilibrium. Indeterminate structures have more unknown forces and reaction forces than equations of static equilibrium that can be used to determine them. Indeterminate structures are often used in engineering to create complex, efficient, and aesthetically pleasing structures. There are various types of indeterminate structures used in engineering and...

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Updated: Apr 29, 2026

Automatic Laser-based Geometry Capture for Finite Element Analysis of Weld Beads

Automatic Laser-based Geometry Capture for Finite Element Analysis of Weld Beads

Published on: July 25, 2025

Novel genetic algorithm search procedure for LEED surface structure determination.

M L Viana¹, D D dos Reis, E A Soares

¹Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Instituto Federal Minas Gerais-Campus Bambuí, Bambuí, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal

|May 15, 2014

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A new genetic algorithm method, NGA-LEED, efficiently determines surface structures using Low Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) analysis. It overcomes limitations of trial-and-error by optimizing complex models from random starting points, significantly reducing computation time.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Surface Science
Computational Chemistry

Background:

Low Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) is crucial for surface structure analysis.
Current LEED fitting procedures often rely on trial-and-error and have limited convergence, struggling with complex structures.
Identifying the global minimum is essential but challenging due to multiple local minima.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel, efficient method for LEED structure determination.
To overcome the limitations of local optimization in LEED analysis.
To enable accurate surface structure determination for complex systems from random initial models.

Main Methods:

Introduction of a Novel Genetic Algorithm for LEED (NGA-LEED).
Utilizing bond lengths and symmetry criteria to pre-select reasonable trial structures, reducing the parameter space.
Incorporating simulated annealing with least squares fitting at intermediate and final stages for parameter refinement.

Main Results:

NGA-LEED successfully determines correct structural models starting from random structures.
The method significantly reduces the parameter space and computation time by orders of magnitude.
Successful validation on Ag(111)(4×4)-O and Au(110)-(1×2) systems through theoretical and experimental comparisons.

Conclusions:

NGA-LEED offers a robust and efficient solution for complex surface structure determination using LEED.
The algorithm overcomes the computational challenges associated with traditional LEED analysis.
This approach enhances the practicality of LEED for analyzing intricate surface reconstructions and adsorbate systems.