Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Redox Reactions01:24

Redox Reactions

50.9K
Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
50.9K
Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:24

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

7.6K
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...
7.6K
Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents01:26

Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

1.4K
Besides iodine, other oxidizing or reducing agents can serve as titrants in redox titrations. Common oxidizing titrants include KMnO4, cerium(IV), and K2Cr2O7. The choice of oxidizing titrants depends on factors like stability, cost, analyte strength, and reaction rate between the analyte and titrant. KMnO4 is a strong oxidizing titrant that reduces from Mn(VII) to Mn(II) in a highly acidic solution, simultaneously oxidizing the analyte to a higher oxidation state. In this case, KMnO4 acts as a...
1.4K
Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

2.4K
Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...
2.4K
Redox Equilibria: Overview01:23

Redox Equilibria: Overview

1.4K
A reduction-oxidation reaction is commonly called a redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one species to another rather than being shared between or among atoms. The reducing agent or reductant is the species that loses electrons and gets oxidized in the process. The species that gains electrons and gets reduced in the process is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Redox reactions are represented as two separate equations called half-reactions, where one equation...
1.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Outcomes in prenatally suspected focal placenta accreta spectrum.

Pregnancy (Hoboken, N.J.)·2026
Same author

First-trimester risk stratification algorithm for placenta accreta spectrum.

American journal of obstetrics & gynecology MFM·2026
Same author

Letter to the editor: "Precipitation of gadolinium from magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents may be the Brass tasks of toxicity".

Magnetic resonance imaging·2026
Same author

Homogeneous Catalysts for Hydrogenative PHIP Used in Biomedical Applications.

Analysis & sensing·2025
Same author

Corrigendum to "The rate of lactate production from glucose in hearts is not altered by per-deuteration of glucose" [J. Magn. Reson. 284 (2017) 86-93].

Journal of magnetic resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)·2025
Same author

Detection of Two Different Inner-Sphere Solvent Species in a Eu<sup>3+</sup>-Based ParaCEST Agent Dissolved in a Mixture of Methanol and Water: The Impact of Solvents on Exchange Dynamics.

Inorganic chemistry·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 29, 2026

Oxygenation-sensitive Cardiac MRI with Vasoactive Breathing Maneuvers for the Non-invasive Assessment of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction
08:35

Oxygenation-sensitive Cardiac MRI with Vasoactive Breathing Maneuvers for the Non-invasive Assessment of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction

Published on: August 17, 2022

3.1K

Redox- and hypoxia-responsive MRI contrast agents.

Quyen N Do1, James S Ratnakar, Zoltán Kovács

  • 1Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell, BE26, Richardson, TX 75080 (USA).

Chemmedchem
|May 15, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Researchers are developing smart magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents to detect tissue redox and hypoxia. These advanced agents offer new ways to visualize disease states and metabolic changes.

Keywords:
PARACESThypoxiaimaging agentsmagnetic resonance imagingredox chemistry

More Related Videos

Preparation, Purification, and Characterization of Lanthanide Complexes for Use as Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
13:21

Preparation, Purification, and Characterization of Lanthanide Complexes for Use as Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: July 21, 2011

14.6K
Human In Vitro Suppression as Screening Tool for the Recognition of an Early State of Immune Imbalance
14:01

Human In Vitro Suppression as Screening Tool for the Recognition of an Early State of Immune Imbalance

Published on: July 22, 2011

13.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 29, 2026

Oxygenation-sensitive Cardiac MRI with Vasoactive Breathing Maneuvers for the Non-invasive Assessment of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction
08:35

Oxygenation-sensitive Cardiac MRI with Vasoactive Breathing Maneuvers for the Non-invasive Assessment of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction

Published on: August 17, 2022

3.1K
Preparation, Purification, and Characterization of Lanthanide Complexes for Use as Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
13:21

Preparation, Purification, and Characterization of Lanthanide Complexes for Use as Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: July 21, 2011

14.6K
Human In Vitro Suppression as Screening Tool for the Recognition of an Early State of Immune Imbalance
14:01

Human In Vitro Suppression as Screening Tool for the Recognition of an Early State of Immune Imbalance

Published on: July 22, 2011

13.9K

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Imaging
  • Medical Chemistry
  • Biomarker Discovery

Background:

  • Responsive "smart" MRI contrast agents are crucial for detecting biomarkers and biological events.
  • Tissue redox and hypoxia are key biological hallmarks with significant roles in disease and metabolism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development of redox-/hypoxia-sensitive T1 shortening and paramagnetic chemical exchange saturation transfer (PARACEST) MRI contrast agents.
  • To discuss traditional and newer designs for these advanced MRI contrast agents.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on redox-sensitive Gd(3+)-based complexes and PARACEST sensors.
  • Analysis of modulation strategies for relaxivity, including ligand structure, molecular rotation, and water exchange rates.
  • Exploration of novel designs utilizing redox-active metal ions with distinct magnetic properties.

Main Results:

  • Traditional agents modulate relaxivity via ligand structure or molecular rotation.
  • PARACEST sensors leverage water exchange rate sensitivity to electronic and geometric factors.
  • Emerging designs incorporate redox-active metal ions with varying oxidation states and magnetic properties.

Conclusions:

  • Significant progress has been made in developing redox- and hypoxia-sensitive MRI contrast agents.
  • Challenges remain in translating these advanced agents for in vivo applications.
  • Continued research is vital for advancing diagnostic capabilities in diseases associated with redox and hypoxia.