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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology

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Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a metabolic emergency characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. It results from severe insulin deficiency and an excess of counterregulatory hormones, leading to uncontrolled lipolysis, ketogenesis, and widespread electrolyte and fluid disturbances.Pathophysiology The central event in DKA is a profound loss of insulin action. Without insulin, glucose uptake in insulin-dependent tissues is impaired, while hepatic glucose production...
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Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction01:25

Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction

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DefinitionDiabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by a triad of hyperglycemia (blood glucose >250 mg/dL), ketonemia or ketonuria, and metabolic acidosis (arterial pH <7.30 and serum bicarbonate <18 mEq/L). It results from insulin deficiency combined with elevated levels of counterregulatory hormones—glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, and growth hormone—leading to increased lipolysis, hepatic...
29
Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis01:24

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis

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Diagnosing acid-base imbalances involves systematically analyzing arterial blood samples, focusing on three key measurements: pH, bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentration, and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2). This analysis follows a four-step process that helps identify the imbalance's underlying cause and nature.
First, the pH level is assessed to determine whether the blood pH is normal (7.35–7.45), low (acidosis), or high (alkalosis).
Next, the PCO2  and...
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Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State01:21

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State

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Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State, or HHS, is a serious and life-threatening complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is characterized by three main features: severe hyperglycemia, profound dehydration, and elevated serum osmolality, all occurring without significant ketoacidosis.HHS typically develops in older adults or individuals with limited access to fluids. This may result from illness, cognitive impairment, or medications such as diuretics or corticosteroids. These factors reduce...
16
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus01:22

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

34
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...
34
Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of &beta;-Ketoacids01:02

Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of β-Ketoacids

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Carboxylic acids, upon heating, undergo a decarboxylation reaction by releasing carbon dioxide gas. Monocarboxylic acids do not undergo decarboxylation easily. However, a silver salt of carboxylic acid reacts with bromine or iodine under high temperature to release carbon dioxide gas and forms halide with one less carbon. This reaction is called the Hunsdiecker reaction.
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Updated: Apr 29, 2026

Standardized Colon Ascendens Stent Peritonitis in Rats - a Simple, Feasible Animal Model to Induce Septic Acute Kidney Injury
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Septic ketoacidosis.

Kensuke Nakamura1, Ryota Inokuchi, Kent Doi

  • 1Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hitachi General Hospital, Japan.

Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan)
|May 16, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sepsis can cause severe ketoacidosis even without diabetes. This condition, termed septic ketoacidosis, involves ketone accumulation and a strong ion gap due to decreased metabolic function in septic patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Internal Medicine
  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Septic patients often exhibit various unmeasured anions, including ketones.
  • Sepsis-induced ketoacidosis typically occurs in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Observation:

  • A case of severe ketoacidosis was observed in a 76-year-old woman with septic shock from acute obstructive cholangitis.
  • The patient had no history of diabetes, alcohol abuse, or starvation.

Findings:

  • The patient presented with severe ketoacidosis and a significant strong ion gap, with ketones being a notable contributor.
  • Sepsis alone, under specific conditions, can precipitate ketoacidosis in non-diabetic individuals.
  • Decreased metabolic function in sepsis can lead to the accumulation of ketones and other strong anions.

Implications:

  • This case suggests a potential pathological condition termed 'septic ketoacidosis'.
  • Further research is warranted to understand the mechanisms and clinical significance of sepsis-induced ketoacidosis in non-diabetic patients.
  • Recognizing septic ketoacidosis is crucial for appropriate diagnosis and management of critically ill septic patients.