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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

19.1K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

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A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
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Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Phase Diagram01:24

Phase Diagram

226
A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the physical states of a substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure. It shows the boundaries between solid, liquid, and gas phases and the conditions at which these phases coexist in equilibrium. An area in a phase diagram represents a single phase, whereas lines or phase boundaries represent the equilibrium between two phases.In the phase diagram of water, the boundary line between the solid and liquid states illustrates...
226
Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

5.9K
The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Solid–Solid Solutions01:24

Solid–Solid Solutions

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The temperature-composition phase diagram of two solids, A and B, which are immiscible in the solid phase but form miscible liquids, shows that when the temperature is low, these two exist as separate, pure solids (A and B). As the temperature increases, they transition into a single-phase liquid solution where A and B coexist. Moving from point a1 to a2 in the phase diagram, the composition changes such that solid B begins to separate from the solution, enriching the remaining liquid with A.
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Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
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Liquid-solid and solid-solid phase transition of monolayer water: high-density rhombic monolayer ice.

Toshihiro Kaneko1, Jaeil Bai2, Kenji Yasuoka3

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan.

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Confined monolayer water exhibits a high freezing point and low crystallization energy barrier in nanopores. The study classifies high-density ice structures as flat or puckered, revealing transitions influenced by water-wall and electrostatic interactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Understanding water behavior in confined environments is crucial for nanotechnology and materials science.
  • Monolayer water confined between hydrophobic surfaces exhibits unique phase transitions.
  • Previous studies have explored water properties in nanopores, but specific ice structures and transition dynamics require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate liquid-solid and solid-solid phase transitions of monolayer water confined between hydrophobic surfaces.
  • To characterize the high-density rhombic monolayer ice structure.
  • To analyze the factors influencing phase transitions and ice structure formation.

Main Methods:

  • Molecular dynamics simulations were employed to study phase transitions.
  • Free energy surface calculations were performed to determine transition characteristics.
  • Analysis of oxygen-hydrogen-oxygen angle and radial distribution functions was used to classify ice structures.

Main Results:

  • Monolayer water confined in a slit nanopore shows a high freezing point and a low energy barrier to crystallization at specific widths.
  • The high-density monolayer ice was classified into two distinct structures: flat ice and puckered ice.
  • Transitions between flat and puckered ice structures are governed by a balance between water-wall interactions and inter-molecular electrostatic forces.

Conclusions:

  • Confined monolayer water exhibits unique phase behaviors, including elevated freezing points and facile crystallization.
  • The identified flat and puckered ice structures highlight the complex structural polymorphism of confined water.
  • The findings provide insights into the fundamental interactions governing water behavior at the nanoscale, relevant for designing advanced materials and devices.