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Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Radiological investigations are paramount in the diagnosis and management of various pulmonary diseases. Two essential investigations are the Pulmonary Angiogram and the Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan.
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Radiological investigations, including X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans, are critical for diagnosing and evaluating various medical conditions. These imaging techniques provide valuable insights into the body's internal structures, aiding in the detection of abnormalities, assessment of disease progression, and development of treatment strategies. This article delves into two primary radiological investigations, chest X-rays and CT scans, outlining their purpose, procedures, and...
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Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by bombardment with neutrons has six components: nuclear fuel consisting of fissionable material, a nuclear moderator, a neutron source, control rods, reactor coolant, and a shield and containment system.
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In the early 1900s, English chemist Frederick Soddy realized that an element could have atoms with different masses that were chemically indistinguishable. These different types are called isotopes — atoms of the same element that differ in mass. Isotopes differ in mass because they have different numbers of neutrons but are chemically identical because they have the same number of protons. Soddy was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1921 for this discovery.
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German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with...
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Related Experiment Video

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An Automated Microscopic Scoring Method for the γ-H2AX Foci Assay in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes
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Radiation risk in nuclear medicine.

S James Adelstein1

  • 1Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.

Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
|May 17, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Medical imaging uses radiation, raising concerns about potential cancer risks. Prudent practice involves minimizing radiation dose while maximizing benefits, ensuring patient safety and informed consent regarding imaging procedures.

Area of Science:

  • Medical imaging
  • Radiology
  • Radiation safety

Background:

  • Anatomical and functional imaging are integral to modern medicine.
  • Increasing utilization raises concerns regarding cumulative radiation exposure and associated health risks.
  • Quantitative risk assessment for low-dose radiation remains incomplete.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address concerns about radiation exposure from medical imaging.
  • To emphasize the importance of dose minimization and benefit optimization.
  • To provide a framework for communicating risks and benefits to patients and colleagues.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review on radiation risks in medical imaging.
  • Analysis of current practices in dose management.

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  • Discussion of risk-benefit communication strategies.

    • Main Results:

    • Radiation, even at low doses, should be considered a potential weak carcinogen.
    • Minimizing radiation dose is a critical aspect of medical imaging protocols.
    • Balancing the benefits of imaging against potential risks is essential.

    Conclusions:

    • Ongoing research is needed to refine estimates of radiation-induced risks.
    • Healthcare professionals must educate patients and stakeholders about balanced risk-benefit assessments.
    • Prudent radiation safety practices are paramount in diagnostic imaging.