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Delimiting cryptic pathogen species causing apple Valsa canker with multilocus data.

Xuli Wang1, Rui Zang2, Zhiyuan Yin2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University Yangling, 712100, China ; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, 100193, China.

Ecology and Evolution
|May 17, 2014
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Summary

Accurate fungal species delimitation is crucial for managing Valsa canker disease. This study reveals two distinct Valsa species, V. mali and V. pyri, with differing ecological traits, challenging previous classifications.

Keywords:
Valsaancestral host reconstructionhost-range expansionmolecular datingspecies delimitation

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Pathology
  • Mycology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Fungal diseases like Valsa canker threaten global food security and economies.
  • Accurate species delimitation in Valsa is challenging due to morphological variability and lack of teleomorphs.
  • Understanding Valsa speciation is key to controlling apple Valsa canker, a major East Asian disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To delimit species boundaries for Valsa pathogens causing apple Valsa canker.
  • To investigate the evolutionary mechanisms behind fungal speciation and host-range expansion in Valsa.
  • To provide a robust classification for Valsa species affecting apple trees.

Main Methods:

  • Multifaceted approach using three genetic loci: internal transcribed spacer (ITS), β-tubulin (Btu), and translation elongation factor-1 alpha (EF1α).
  • Inferred gene trees using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods.
  • Estimated and validated species trees using Bayesian multispecies coalescent and delimitation approaches.
  • Divergence time estimation and ancestral host reconstruction.

Main Results:

  • Two former varieties of Valsa mali are confirmed as distinct species: Valsa mali and Valsa pyri.
  • These species diverged approximately 5 million years ago, post-dating their hosts' divergence, refuting fungi-host co-speciation.
  • Ecological differences observed in thermal preferences and pathogenicity.
  • Apple identified as the likely ancestral host for both species, with host-range expansion explaining V. pyri's presence on pear.

Conclusions:

  • Valsa mali and Valsa pyri are distinct species with separate evolutionary trajectories.
  • Fungal speciation in Valsa is not driven by host co-speciation but by ecological factors.
  • Host-range expansion plays a significant role in the diversification of Valsa pathogens.
  • ITS data alone may underestimate fungal species diversity in Valsa.