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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Regulation of Metabolism01:19

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Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 29, 2026

Measuring Mitochondrial Function of Naïve and Effector CD8 T Cells
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Cellular metabolism modulation in T lymphocyte immunity.

Huanrong Liu1, Hui Yang, Xi Chen

  • 1Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Biotherapy Research Center, Institute of Immunobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Shanghai Jiao-tong University School of Medicine Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China.

Immunology
|May 20, 2014
PubMed
Summary

T cell metabolism dynamically impacts immunity and immunological diseases. Understanding these metabolic pathways offers new strategies for modulating immune responses and treating related conditions.

Keywords:
mTORAmino acidGlycosisHIF1αMetabolismT cell developmentTH1 cellsTregc-mycfatty acid

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Metabolism

Background:

  • T lymphocytes are crucial for immunity and immunological diseases.
  • T cell metabolism is increasingly recognized for its significant role in modulating T lymphocyte functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding the modulatory role of cell metabolism in T cell immunity.
  • To explore how metabolic pathways influence T cell development, differentiation, activation, and function.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on T cell metabolism and immunity.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on metabolic pathways supporting T cell activities.

Main Results:

  • T cell metabolism is highly dynamic and profoundly affects T lymphocyte immunity.
  • Specific metabolic pathways are essential for meeting the energy and biosynthetic needs of T cells during immune responses.

Conclusions:

  • Modulating T cell metabolism presents novel therapeutic opportunities for immune disorders.
  • Targeting cellular metabolism could lead to new treatments for clinical immunological diseases.