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The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
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The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is characterized by distinct physicochemical conditions that shape its microbial communities. Among these, the stomach presents a particularly challenging environment for microbial colonization due to its highly acidic pH, ranging from 1 to 3. This extreme acidity effectively limits microbial density. However, certain acid-tolerant microorganisms are capable of surviving in this niche. Notably, Helicobacter pylori can colonize the gastric mucosa,...
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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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The oral microbiome includes a complex ecosystem comprising over 700 microbial species, identified through genomic sequencing and culture-based analyses to date. This community includes a core microbiome, found universally among individuals, and a variable component influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics. Site-specific conditions, including oxygen gradients, pH levels, and nutrient availability, determine the spatial distribution of these microorganisms...
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The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that connects the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. This interaction is mediated through multiple pathways, including the vagus nerve, hormonal signals, immune responses, and chemical messengers produced by gut microbes.Microbial Contributions to Brain FunctionGut microbiota contributes significantly to brain function by producing neuroactive compounds. These include neuroactive compounds that influence neurotransmitters such...
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Does the change on gastrointestinal tract microbiome affects host?

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Human microbiota composition and its link to health are key research areas. Understanding host-microbiome interactions offers new avenues for medical treatments and disease prevention strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Human microbiota research has expanded significantly over the last decade.
  • High-throughput molecular technologies have enabled detailed characterization of the human microbiome.
  • Understanding the microbiome's role in health and disease is a growing medical focus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review key evidence on host-microbiome interactions.
  • To explore the implications of these interactions for future medical strategies.
  • To highlight the impact of lifestyle changes, like antimicrobial use, on microbiome homeostasis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on human microbiota.
  • Analysis of high-throughput molecular data.
  • Synthesis of evidence on host-microbiome relationships.

Main Results:

  • Dysregulation of host-microbiome homeostasis can occur due to factors like antimicrobial use.
  • These interactions have profound consequences for host health.
  • Significant advancements have been made in characterizing the microbiome's composition.

Conclusions:

  • Host-microbiome interactions are crucial for maintaining health.
  • Disruptions in this balance can lead to disease.
  • Further research into these relationships can inform novel therapeutic and preventive approaches.