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Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
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Vaccinations01:51

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Vaccines01:21

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Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 29, 2026

Evaluating the Immune Response of a Nanoemulsion Adjuvant Vaccine Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA Infection
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Which comes first: the antigen or the adjuvant?

Sallie R Permar, Herman F Staats

    The Journal of Clinical Investigation
    |May 20, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Adjuvant alone, without HIV-1 antigen, unexpectedly reduced viral load in primates. This suggests innate immune responses are crucial for future HIV-1 vaccine development, alongside T cell responses.

    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Vaccinology
    • Virology

    Background:

    • HIV-1 vaccine development aims to limit viral replication via T cell responses.
    • Recent trials targeting CD8+ T cell responses with vaccine candidates were unsuccessful.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the impact of vaccine adjuvants on simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) immunization efficacy in a nonhuman primate model.
    • To understand the interplay between innate and adaptive immune responses in vaccine-induced protection.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a nonhuman primate model for SIV immunization studies.
    • Administered various vaccine adjuvants, with and without SIV antigen.
    • Monitored viral load and characterized immune cell populations post-challenge.

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    Main Results:

    • Animals receiving adjuvant alone (without SIV antigen) showed a significant decrease in viral load after challenge.
    • Vaccination with viral antigens plus adjuvant led to the expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs).
    • MDSCs may have suppressed vaccine-elicited T cell responses.

    Conclusions:

    • Adjuvants can elicit protective innate immune responses independently of viral antigens.
    • Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) may play a role in modulating vaccine efficacy.
    • Future HIV-1 vaccine design must consider both innate and adaptive immune responses.