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Electrocardiogram

Electrocardiogram

An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and...

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

Introduction
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool for identifying cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and myocardial ischemia.
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG) visualizes the heart's electrical activity by tracing the electrical movement associated with each heartbeat on a graph or monitor. As the heart beats, an electrical wave passes through it, correlating with the cardiac cycle events.
Parts of an ECG
An ECG utilizes electrodes on the skin...

Decreased Body Temperature

Decreased Body Temperature

A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by...

Cardiac Action Potential

Cardiac Action Potential

Cardiac action potentials are essential for proper heart function, enabling the rhythmic contractions needed for adequate blood circulation. Nodal cells and Purkinje fibers, specialized for electrical conduction, generate these action potentials.
The cardiac action potential process involves a series of phases characterized by the movement of ions across the cardiac cell membranes, leading to the depolarization and repolarization of the cardiac myocytes.
Ionic Basis of Cardiac Action Potentials

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
Arrhythmias are categorized by their speed, rhythm, and origin. A slow heart...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 29, 2026

In vitro Assessment of Myocardial Protection following Hypothermia-Preconditioning in a Human Cardiac Myocytes Model

In vitro Assessment of Myocardial Protection following Hypothermia-Preconditioning in a Human Cardiac Myocytes Model

Published on: October 27, 2020

Electrocardiographic changes in hypothermia: a review.

Lovely Chhabra¹, Ramprakash Devadoss, Besiana Liti

¹1 Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts.

Therapeutic Hypothermia and Temperature Management

|May 20, 2014

Summary

Hypothermia can cause distinct electrocardiogram (ECG) changes, including Osborn waves and arrhythmias. Recognizing these ECG abnormalities is crucial for diagnosing and managing hypothermia effectively.

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Area of Science:

Cardiology
Environmental Medicine
Emergency Medicine

Background:

Hypothermia is a frequent environmental emergency with significant electrocardiographic (ECG) implications.
Common ECG findings include Osborn waves, prolonged intervals (PR, QRS, QT), and arrhythmias.
Less common ECG changes can mimic acute coronary ischemia, Brugada syndrome, or pericarditis.

Purpose of the Study:

To comprehensively review all potential ECG abnormalities associated with accidental and iatrogenic hypothermia.
To enhance physician awareness of both classic and less recognized ECG signs of hypothermia.
To aid in the accurate identification and differentiation of hypothermia-related ECG findings.

Main Methods:

Literature review of published studies and case reports on hypothermia and ECG findings.
Analysis of classic and atypical ECG manifestations described in hypothermia.
Synthesis of information to provide a detailed overview for clinical practice.

Main Results:

Established ECG abnormalities in hypothermia include Osborn waves, interval prolongation, and arrhythmias.
Identified less common ECG findings that can simulate other cardiac emergencies.
Highlighted the importance of clinical suspicion for diagnosing hypothermia based on ECG.

Conclusions:

Classical ECG changes are vital clues for hypothermia diagnosis and management.
Physicians must be vigilant for less common ECG abnormalities to differentiate hypothermia from other conditions.
A thorough understanding of all potential ECG manifestations aids in timely and appropriate patient care.