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Damped Oscillations

Damped Oscillations

In the real world, oscillations seldom follow true simple harmonic motion. A system that continues its motion indefinitely without losing its amplitude is termed undamped. However, friction of some sort usually dampens the motion, so it fades away or needs more force to continue. For example, a guitar string stops oscillating a few seconds after being plucked. Similarly, one must continually push a swing to keep a child swinging on a playground.
Although friction and other non-conservative...

Forced Oscillations

Forced Oscillations

When an oscillator is forced with a periodic driving force, the motion may seem chaotic. The motions of such oscillators are known as transients. After the transients die out, the oscillator reaches a steady state, where the motion is periodic, and the displacement is determined.

Reversible and Irreversible Processes

Reversible and Irreversible Processes

The thermodynamic processes can be classified into reversible and irreversible processes. The processes that can be restored to their initial state are called reversible processes. It is only possible if the process is in quasi-static equilibrium, i.e., it takes place in infinitesimally small steps, and the system remains at equilibrium However, these are ideal processes and do not occur naturally. An ideal system undergoing a reversible process is always in thermodynamic equilibrium within...

First Law: Particles in One-dimensional Equilibrium

First Law: Particles in One-dimensional Equilibrium

Newton's first law of motion states that a body at rest remains at rest, or if in motion, remains in motion at constant velocity, unless acted on by a net external force. It also states that there must be a cause for any change in velocity (a change in either magnitude or direction) to occur. This cause is a net external force. For example, consider what happens to an object sliding along a rough horizontal surface. The object quickly grinds to a halt, due to the net force of friction. If...

Types of Damping

Types of Damping

If the amount of damping in a system is gradually increased, the period and frequency start to become affected because damping opposes, and hence slows, the back and forth motion (the net force is smaller in both directions). If there is a very large amount of damping, the system does not even oscillate; instead, it slowly moves toward equilibrium. In brief, an overdamped system moves slowly towards equilibrium, whereas an underdamped system moves quickly to equilibrium but will oscillate about...

Entropy Change in Reversible Processes

Entropy Change in Reversible Processes

In the Carnot engine, which achieves the maximum efficiency between two reservoirs of fixed temperatures, the total change in entropy is zero. The observation can be generalized by considering any reversible cyclic process consisting of many Carnot cycles. Thus, it can be stated that the total entropy change of any ideal reversible cycle is zero.
The statement can be further generalized to prove that entropy is a state function. Take a cyclic process between any two points on a p-V diagram.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 29, 2026

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

Published on: December 4, 2017

(Ir)reversibility in dense granular systems driven by oscillating forces.

Ronny Möbius¹, Claus Heussinger

¹Institute for Theoretical Physics, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. claus.heussinger@theorie.physik.uni-goettingen.de.

|May 20, 2014

Summary

Computer simulations reveal how granular particle systems behave under oscillating forces. Friction alters particle movement, transitioning from ordered motion to diffusion and distinct phase transitions at varying densities.

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Area of Science:

Physics
Computational Science
Materials Science

Background:

Granular materials exhibit complex behaviors under external forces.
Understanding energy dissipation is crucial for modeling dense particle systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the effects of different dissipation mechanisms on dense granular systems driven by oscillating forces.
To compare Stokes' drag with non-linear frictional forces on particle dynamics.

Main Methods:

Utilizing computer simulations to model highly dense granular particle systems.
Implementing and comparing Stokes' drag, inter-particle friction, and particle-wall friction as dissipation mechanisms.
Analyzing particle motion, density transitions, and phase behaviors.

Main Results:

Stokes' drag results in periodic particle motion even at high densities.
Inter-particle friction disrupts periodic motion, leading to particle diffusion and an "interacting absorbing state."
Particle-wall friction induces a discontinuous phase transition with diverging relaxation time.

Conclusions:

Dissipation mechanisms significantly alter the dynamics of driven granular systems.
Frictional forces are key to transitioning between ordered and diffusive particle motion.
The study highlights distinct phase transitions in granular matter influenced by density and friction.