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Related Concept Videos

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
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Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....
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Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II01:11

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Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into three main regions. The outermost region, the cerebral cortex, is a thin layer (2 to 4 millimeters thick) made up of gray matter, consisting of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels. The middle region, or white matter, is primarily composed of myelinated nerve fibers organized into three types of large tracts: association fibers, commissures, and projection fibers. Association fibers connect different areas within the same...
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Functional Brain Systems: Reticular Formation01:13

Functional Brain Systems: Reticular Formation

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The reticular formation is a complex network of gray and white matter located within the brainstem extending from the medulla to the midbrain.
Within the reticular formation, there are several distinct nuclei that can be classified into three broad categories. The Raphe nuclei are located along the midline of the brainstem. They are primarily known for their role in synthesizing and releasing serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved in regulating mood, appetite, sleep, and circadian rhythms. The...
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Cerebral Hemispheres01:05

Cerebral Hemispheres

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The human brain, a complex organ, is functionally divided into two cerebral hemispheres—left and right. These hemispheres are interconnected by a structure of paramount importance, the corpus callosum. This substantial bundle of neural fibers is not just a bridge between the hemispheres but a crucial element for the brain's comprehensive functioning. It enables efficient communication between the two hemispheres, allowing each side of the brain to control and receive sensory and motor...
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Related Experiment Video

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Using Informational Connectivity to Measure the Synchronous Emergence of fMRI Multi-voxel Information Across Time
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Functional connectivity of insular efferences.

Talal Almashaikhi1, Sylvain Rheims, Julien Jung

  • 1TIGER, Lyon's Neuroscience Research Centre, INSERM U1028, CNRS 5292, UCB Lyon 1, Lyon, France; Department of Sleep, Epilepsy and Pediatric Clinical Neurophysiology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; Department of Clinical Physiology, Neurophysiology Division, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman.

Human Brain Mapping
|May 20, 2014
PubMed
Summary

This study mapped human insula connectivity using cortico-cortical evoked potentials (CCEPs). The insula shows complex functional connections, varying by gyrus and differing from primate studies.

Keywords:
evoked potentialfunctional connectivityhumaninsularintra-cranial electrical stimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Human Brain Connectivity

Background:

  • The insula plays a crucial role in various cognitive and emotional functions.
  • Understanding its connectivity is vital for comprehending brain networks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional connectivity of the human insula with other cortical regions.
  • To map insula connectivity using cortico-cortical evoked potentials (CCEPs).

Main Methods:

  • Intra-cerebral electrical stimulation was performed in 11 epilepsy patients with depth electrodes.
  • 39 insular bipoles were targeted for stimulation, delivering 20 pulses at 0.2 Hz.
  • Connectivity rates were calculated based on responses in non-insular cortical regions.

Main Results:

  • 33% of tested connections showed significant CCEPs, with an average latency of 33 ms.
  • Highest connectivity was found with perisylvian (59%) and pericentral (38%) structures.
  • Connectivity patterns varied significantly across insular gyri and differed from non-human primate data.

Conclusions:

  • The human insula exhibits rich and complex functional connectivity.
  • Insular connectivity is modulated by the specific insular gyrus.
  • Observed connectivity patterns present notable differences compared to non-human primates.