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Defining successful aging: a tangible or elusive concept?

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Successful aging definitions lack clarity, hindering research and policy. This review examines key theories like selective optimization with compensation and proactivity models to advance understanding of aging well.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Psychology
  • Sociology

Background:

  • The concept of successful aging lacks a clear, universally accepted definition.
  • Decades of research have yet to establish concrete criteria for successful aging.
  • Existing definitions are often vague for the public, researchers, and policymakers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and evaluate theoretical contributions to the understanding of successful aging.
  • To clarify the definition and criteria of successful aging.
  • To highlight scholarly work that has significantly advanced the topic.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature review and evaluation of successful aging research.
  • Analysis of historical and contemporary theoretical models.
  • Comparison and contrast of different conceptualizations of successful aging.

Main Results:

  • Early gerontological definitions and related concepts were examined.
  • Historical perspectives from philosophy and religion were traced.
  • Key models discussed include Baltes and Baltes' selective optimization with compensation, Kahana and Kahana's proactivity model, and Rowe and Kahn's successful aging model.
  • Commonalities and differences among these models were elaborated.
  • Subjective versus objective perceptions and links to healthy longevity were explored.

Conclusions:

  • Further theoretical work is necessary for a comprehensive understanding of successful aging.
  • The inclusion of disability, death, and dying within successful aging frameworks requires more study.
  • The impact of rapid social and technological changes on successful aging warrants greater consideration.