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A randomized controlled trial of emotion recognition training after traumatic brain injury
Dawn Neumann1, Duncan R Babbage, Barbra Zupan
1Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Indiana University School of Medicine, and Rehabilitation Hospital of Indiana Indianapolis (Dr Neumann); Auckland University of Technology, Centre for Person Centred Research, Auckland, New Zealand (Dr Babbage); Department of Applied Linguistics, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada (Dr Zupan); and School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York (Dr Willer).
Objective:
To examine the effectiveness of 2 affect recognition interventions (Faces and Stories) in people with a traumatic brain injury.
Setting:
Postacute rehabilitation facilities.
Participants:
A total of 203 participants with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury were screened; 71 were eligible and randomized to the Faces (n = 24), Stories (n = 23), and Control interventions (n = 24). Participants were an average of 39.8 years of age and 10.3 years postinjury; 74% of participants were male.
Design:
Randomized controlled trial with immediate, 3-month, and 6-month follow-up posttests. Interventions were 9 hours of computer-based training with a therapist.
Measures:
Diagnostic Assessment of Nonverbal Accuracy 2-Adult Faces; Emotional Inference From Stories Test; Empathy (Interpersonal Reactivity Index); and Irritability and Aggression (Neuropsychiatric Inventory).
Results:
The Faces Intervention did significantly better than the Control Intervention on the Diagnostic Assessment of Nonverbal Accuracy 2-Adult Faces (P = .031) posttreatment; no time effect or group interaction was observed. No other significant differences were noted for the Faces Intervention. No significant differences were observed between the Stories and the Control Interventions; however, a significant time effect was found for the Emotional Inference From Stories Test.
Conclusion:
The Faces Intervention effectively improved facial affect recognition in participants with chronic post-traumatic brain injury, and changes were maintained for 6 months. Future work should focus on generalizing this skill to functional behaviors.