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Related Concept Videos

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

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Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component...
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Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

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Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins...
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Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

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Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this...
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Cerebral Edema l: Introduction01:19

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Cerebral edema is a pathological increase in brain water content that disrupts intracranial pressure regulation and impairs neurological function. Because the cranial vault is rigid, even modest increases in tissue volume can compromise cerebral perfusion, distort neural structures, and initiate secondary injury. Cerebral edema develops through four principal mechanisms: vasogenic, cytotoxic, interstitial, and ionic.Vasogenic EdemaVasogenic edema arises from disruption of the blood–brain...
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Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

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A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Updated: Apr 29, 2026

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Idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

B R Wakerley1, M H Tan2, E Y Ting3

  • 1The Oxford Headache Centre, Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, UK benwakerley@fastmail.fm.

Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache
|May 22, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) affects young obese women, causing increased intracranial pressure. Management involves weight loss and CSF-reducing drugs, but severe cases may require neurosurgery.

Keywords:
Idiopathic intracranial hypertensionbenign intracranial hypertensionpseudotumour cerebriraised intracranial pressure

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), also known as pseudotumor cerebri, is a condition primarily affecting young, obese women.
  • Characterized by symptoms of increased intracranial pressure without a detectable cause like a brain lesion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical features, diagnostic approaches, and treatment options for IIH.
  • To highlight the importance of timely diagnosis and management to prevent permanent vision loss.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on IIH.
  • Analysis of current understanding of IIH pathophysiology and treatment efficacy.

Main Results:

  • The incidence of IIH is approximately 2 per 100,000, significantly higher in obese individuals, with a rising trend due to the global obesity epidemic.
  • Pathophysiology is poorly understood, with theories focusing on intracranial venous hypertension and cerebrospinal fluid outflow resistance linked to obesity.

Conclusions:

  • Current treatment guidelines are suboptimal due to a lack of randomized clinical trials.
  • Weight loss is crucial, often combined with cerebrospinal fluid production-reducing drugs.
  • Resistant cases may necessitate neurosurgical shunting; transverse cerebral sinus stenting remains controversial with undetermined long-term benefits.